Papal States: Did you mean...?

The American Civil War (1861-1865) was the pivotal event in United States history and the largest armed conflict in the Western world following the end of the Napoleonic Wars (1815) and prior to the beginning of the First World War (1914...

The United States remained neutral in the first three years of the First World War (1914-18) but did finally join the conflict at the end of 1917 following the threat of unrestricted submarine warfare on US merchant shipping and a secret...

The Diet of Worms (January-May 1521) was the assembly convened by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to address, among other issues, the works of the reformer Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) who openly criticized the Church. Luther was told to recant...

The United States Constitution (1787) represents the foundational legal and political framework of the American republic, drafted to replace the ineffective Articles of Confederation (1781) and unify the newly independent states under a stronger...

A map of the United States, showing each of its states, published by D.G. Beers & Co. in 1874. From the Lionel Pincus and Princess Firyal Map Division, The New York Public Library.

This map illustrates the Warring States period in Chinese history, a time of intense fragmentation and warfare spanning roughly from 475 BCE to 221 BCE. It marks the final centuries of the Zhou dynasty, during which its former vassal states...

The Dred Scott Decision (Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. (19 How.) 393 (1857) was the infamous ruling of the United States Supreme Court that, according to the US Constitution, Black people were not and could not be considered citizens of...

The Unam Sanctam (1302) was a papal bull issued by Pope Boniface VIII (served 1294-1303) requiring the complete submission of all people, including kings, to the authority and dictates of the pope. As the Church was understood as holding...

The medieval indulgence was a writ offered by the Church, for money, guaranteeing the remission of sin, and its abuse was the spark that inspired Martin Luther's 95 Theses. Luther (l. 1483-1546) claimed the sale of indulgences was unbiblical...

The Crusader States, collectively known as Outremer (from Old French outre-mer, “overseas”), were a group of Latin Christian polities established in the eastern Mediterranean following the First Crusade (1096–1099). Emerging from the conquest...