Papal States: Did you mean...?

The medieval indulgence was a writ offered by the Church, for money, guaranteeing the remission of sin, and its abuse was the spark that inspired Martin Luther's 95 Theses. Luther (l. 1483-1546) claimed the sale...

The Dred Scott Decision (Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. (19 How.) 393 (1857) was the infamous ruling of the United States Supreme Court that, according to the US Constitution, Black people...

The Warring States period (c. 475–221 BCE) represents the final and most transformative phase of the Eastern Zhou dynasty (770–256 BCE), marked by political fragmentation, sustained interstate warfare...

The Crusader States, collectively known as Outremer (from Old French outre-mer, “overseas”), were a group of Latin Christian polities established in the eastern Mediterranean following the First Crusade...

This map illustrates the situation in the United States n 1850, as the country faced growing sectional tension over the expansion of slavery into new territories gained from the Mexican-American War...

The Bronze Age collapse at the end of the 13th century BCE saw a great many changes in the ancient world. Many second millennium states disappeared entirely, as cities were destroyed and peoples migrated. Others...

A map showing the principle state of the Warring States Period in China c. 260 BCE.

Four examples of British India postage stamps issued with overprints for use in particular Indian princely states. Top left: Queen Victoria, Gwalior, 1904 Top right: Queen Victoria, Patiala, 1895 Bottom left...

Swords of the Warring States Period (481-221 BCE) in China. The left sword is of iron while the other two are of bronze. (Shaanxi Provincial Museum, Xian, China)

The trigger and firing mechanism of a crossbow from the Chinese Warring States Period, 3rd century BCE (possible a century later during the Han Dynasty). Bronze inlaid with silver.