Papal States: Did you mean...?

A bronze helmet from the Yin state. Warring States Period (481-221 BCE).

Legion of the United States at the Battle of Fallen Timbers (20 August 1794). Painting by H. Charles McBarron, Jr. Center for Military History.

The Diet of Worms (January-May 1521) was the assembly convened by Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor to address, among other issues, the works of the reformer Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) who openly criticized the Church. Luther was told to recant...

The Doctrine of Discovery is a policy enacted initially by the 15th-century Catholic Church proclaiming the right of Christian nations to take possession of the lands of non-Christians in the interest of saving their souls. Non-Christians...

The medieval indulgence was a writ offered by the Church, for money, guaranteeing the remission of sin, and its abuse was the spark that inspired Martin Luther's 95 Theses. Luther (l. 1483-1546) claimed the sale of indulgences was unbiblical...

The Unam Sanctam (1302) was a papal bull issued by Pope Boniface VIII (served 1294-1303) requiring the complete submission of all people, including kings, to the authority and dictates of the pope. As the Church was understood as holding...

A map illustrating the city-states of Classical Greece around 500 BCE and depicting the expansion of Hellenic influence along the coasts of the Mediterranean and Black sea and the formation and scope of the Delian League, under Athenian hegemony...

A map indicating the major ancient and medieval states in sub-Saharan Africa. Areas and dates relate to a state at its peak. In addition, shaded areas are approximate indicators only. For the majority of the states, their precise borders...

A map of the Hittite Empire and surrounding states, including the Assyrian Empire, the Egyptian Empire, and Ahhiyawa. This map is an extract from the book Empires of Bronze by Gordon Doherty, republished with permission.

This map shows the extent of the Kushan empire along with the various states and kingdoms that surrounded it at roughly the same time period. c. 100 - 240 CE.