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Sasanian Empire
Definition

Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire (224-651 CE, also given as Sassanian, Sasanid or Sassanid) was the last pre-Islamic Persian empire, established in 224 CE by Ardeshir I, son of Papak, descendant of Sasan. The Empire lasted until 651 CE when...
Mughal Princess Nadira Banu Begum
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Mughal Princess Nadira Banu Begum

Portrait of Mughal Princess Nadira Banu Begum, miniature painting attributed to Balchand from the Dara Shikoh Album, folio 20, 1631-1632. Nadira Banu Begum (1618-1659) was the daughter of Sultan Parviz Mirza and...
Mughal Zebra Painting
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Mughal Zebra Painting

A zebra presented to the fourth Mughal Emperor Jahangir (1569-1627). Opaque watercolour and gold on paper, by Mansur, 1621, Mughal. Museum no. IM.23-1925. © Victoria and Albert Museum, London
Mughal Calligraphy & Ornamentation
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Mughal Calligraphy & Ornamentation

Examples of illuminated calligraphy and ornamentation from two Mughal folios. Ink with opaque watercolour and gold on paper. The calligraphy is by Mir 'Ali, 16th century, Iran; borders, (left) about 1610 – 20, (right...
Songhai Empire
Definition

Songhai Empire

The Songhai Empire (aka Songhay, c. 1460 - c. 1591) covered what is today southern Mauritania and Mali. It replaced the Mali Empire (1240-1645) as the most important state in West Africa. Originating as a smaller kingdom along...
The Ideology of the Holy Roman Empire
Article

The Ideology of the Holy Roman Empire

"The Holy Roman Empire was in no way holy, nor Roman, nor an empire," wrote Voltaire, and this interpretation still dominates the popular imagination, so the Holy Roman Empire is treated as a bad joke, a pale...
Bracelet with Mughal Miniature Portraits
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Bracelet with Mughal Miniature Portraits

Gold bracelet with miniature portraits of three Mughal emperors and their royal wives, watercolors on ivory by Indian Mughal miniaturists in Delhi (1860-1870). The third oval from the left is a portrait of...
Interview: Rome Strategy of Empire by James Lacey
Interview

Interview: Rome Strategy of Empire by James Lacey

In this interview, World History Encyclopedia sits down with author James Lacey to chat about his new book Rome: Strategy of Empire published by Oxford University Press. Kelly: Can you tell us a little...
Ghana Empire
Definition

Ghana Empire

The Ghana Empire flourished in West Africa from at least the 6th to 13th century. Not connected geographically to the modern state of Ghana, the Ghana Empire was located in the western Sudan savannah region (modern southern Mauritania...
Holi Celebration in the Mughal Period
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Holi Celebration in the Mughal Period

Krishna and the gopis celebrate Holi, watercolour painting, c. 1765. Holi is a festival of spring, of colours, and of happiness. This image depicts Holi being celebrated in the Mughal era. Royal Collection Trust...
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