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Professor Maximilian Miguel Scholz
Image by Association of University Presses

Professor Maximilian Miguel Scholz

Professor Maximilian Miguel Scholz, author of Strange Brethren: Refugees, Religious Bonds, and Reformation in Frankfurt, 1554-1608. (Association of University Presses)
Miguel Hidalgo
Image by The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs

Miguel Hidalgo

Miguel Hidalgo (1753-1811), Catholic priest and leader of the Mexican independence movement, print portrait by an unknown artist. The Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Division of Art, Prints and Photographs: Print Collection, The New York Public...
Spanish Requirement
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Spanish Requirement

The Spanish Requirement or Requerimiento was a document intended to be read out to and agreed upon by indigenous peoples during the Spanish conquest of the Americas. Created in 1513, the document outlined the history of Christianity, the...
The Portuguese Colonization of the Azores
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Portuguese Colonization of the Azores

The Azores (Açores) are a North Atlantic island group, which was uninhabited before being colonized by the Portuguese from 1439. The Azores were strategically important for Portuguese mariners to use as a stepping stone to progress down the...
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Vasco Núñez de Balboa

Vasco Núñez de Balboa (1475-1519) was a Spanish conquistador who famously discovered the Pacific Ocean after crossing the isthmus of Panama in 1513. An utterly ruthless adventurer and colonizer, Balboa was as much a danger to his fellow conquistadors...
Sasanian Empire
Definition by Alonso Constenla Cervantes

Sasanian Empire

The Sasanian Empire (224-651 CE, also given as Sassanian, Sasanid or Sassanid) was the last pre-Islamic Persian empire, established in 224 CE by Ardeshir I, son of Papak, descendant of Sasan. The Empire lasted until 651 CE when it was overthrown...
Interview: Refugees & Reformation in 16th-Century Frankfurt
Article by James Blake Wiener

Interview: Refugees & Reformation in 16th-Century Frankfurt

In the 16th century, German cities and territories welcomed thousands of refugees fleeing the religious persecution sparked by the Protestant Reformation. In Strange Brethren: Refugees, Religious Bonds, and Reformation in Frankfurt, 1554-1608...
Maurice Ravel
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Maurice Ravel

Maurice Ravel (1875-1937) was a French composer of classical music best known for his innovative piano pieces and orchestral works like Bolero and Daphnis et Chloé. Sometimes called an 'impressionist' composer, much was made of a practically...
John Fletcher
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

John Fletcher - Father of the English Tragicomedy

John Fletcher (1579-1625) was a playwright of the English Renaissance who flourished during the Jacobean Era (1603-1625). The author of over 50 plays, he is known for developing the genre of tragicomedy in English literature, and for his...
Heraclius Returning the True Cross to Jerusalem
Image by Miguel Ximenez

Heraclius Returning the True Cross to Jerusalem

A 15th century CE painting depicting Byzantine emperor Heraclius (r. 610-641 CE) returning the True Cross of Christianity to Jerusalem. (By Miguel Ximenez, Museum of Zaragoza, Spain)
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