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The Seven Sacks of Rome
An infographic of the seven times the city of Rome was sacked. Across more than 1,900 years (390 BCE–1527 CE), the sacks of Rome reveal not a single moment of collapse, but a recurring pattern of vulnerability shaped by shifting political...
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Hagia Sophia, Istanbul
Hagia Sophia was built as a church by Isidore of Miletus and Anthemius of Tralles who were chosen as architects by the Byzantine Emperor Justinian. Hagia Sophia (meaning "holy wisdom") was completed in 537 BCE and was transformed into a mosque...
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Marble Door at Hagia Sophia
White marble door of the Hagia Sophia, photograph by Juan Ángel Piqueras, Istanbul, 25 February, 2026. The Marble Door (also known as “Gate of Heaven and Hell”) in Hagia Sophia’s south upper gallery marks the threshold between the western...
Book Review
Decorated Roman Armour: From the Age of the Kings to the Death of Justinian the Great
In Decorated Roman Armour: From the Age of the Kings to the Death of Justinian the Great, Raffaele D'Amato and Andrey Evgenevich Negin provide a chronological and typological analysis of Roman army equipment, especially focusing on “the evolution...
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Silk Road
The Silk Road was a network of ancient trade routes, formally established during the Han Dynasty of China in 130 BCE, which linked the regions of the ancient world in commerce between 130 BCE-1453 CE. The Silk Road was not a single route...
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Carthage
Carthage was a Phoenician city-state on the coast of North Africa (the site of modern-day Tunis) which, prior the conflict with Rome known as the Punic Wars (264-146 BCE), was the largest, most affluent, and powerful political entity in the...
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Plato
Plato (l. 424/423 to 348/347 BCE) is the pre-eminent Greek philosopher, known for his Dialogues and for founding his Academy in Athens, traditionally considered the first university in the Western world. Plato was a student of Socrates and...
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Roman Law
Roman laws covered all facets of daily life. They were concerned with crime and punishment, land and property ownership, commerce, the maritime and agricultural industries, citizenship, sexuality and prostitution, slavery and manumission...
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Tyrian Purple - The Super-Expensive Dye of Antiquity
Tyrian purple (aka Royal purple or Imperial purple) is a dye extracted from the murex shellfish which was first produced by the Phoenician city of Tyre in the Bronze Age. Its difficulty of manufacture, striking purple to red colour range...
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Mosaic
Mosaics are designs and images created using small pieces (tesserae) of stone or other materials which have been used to decorate floors, walls, ceilings, and precious objects since before written records began. Like pottery, mosaics have...
