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1521 Excommunication of Luther: Complete Text
In response to Martin Luther's 95 Theses, as well as his other works, Pope Leo X sent a papal bull threatening him with excommunication in June 1520. Luther publicly burned the bull at Wittenberg on 10...
Article
Argula von Grumbach's To the University of Ingolstadt
To the University of Ingolstadt (1523) is an open letter by the German reformer Argula von Grumbach (l. 1490 to c. 1564) protesting the dismissal, arrest, and imprisonment of the young scholar Arsacius...
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J. Strauss II: The Blue Danube, Op. 314
Provided to YouTube by Universal Music Group J. Strauss II: An der schönen blauen Donau, Op. 314 · Berliner Philharmoniker · Herbert von Karajan · Johann Strauss II Strauss, J.: An der schönen blauen Donau...
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The Literary Development of the Arthurian Legend
The Arthurian legend begins with the Welsh cleric Geoffrey of Monmouth (c. 1100 - c. 1155 CE). Earlier history writers such as Gildas, Bede, and Nennius had already established the existence of a British...
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Dogs & Their Collars in the Middle Ages
Dogs have played a prominent role in the lives of humans going back thousands of years and, more than any other domesticated animal, this role has remained relatively unchanged. In the present day, dogs serve...
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Observatories in the Scientific Revolution
The foundation of observatories during the Scientific Revolution (1500-1700) followed a process of evolution from entirely independent observatories operated by a single astronomer to private observatories...
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Immanuel Kant, 1768
An oil-on-canvas 1768 portrait of Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) by Johann Gottlieb Becker. (Schiller-Nationalmuseum, Marbach am Neckar, Germany)
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Gustavus Adolphus at Breitenfeld, 1631
Gustavus Adolphus at the Battle of Breitenfeld, 1631. Painting attributed to Johann Jakob Walther (l. 1604-1677). (Historical Musuem, Strasbourg, France)
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Harvesting Coffee in Brazil
Harvesting Coffee, Brazil, 1830s, lithograph by Johann Moritz Rugendas, first published in Voyage Pittoresque dans le Bresil, Paris, 1835; also published in same year in German. Reprinted in Viagem Pitoresca Atravé do...
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Bach's Organ, Arnstadt
The organ of the New Church in Arnstadt, Germany. This organ was first tested and then played regularly by the German composer Johann Sebastian Bach (1685-1750), appointed organ master in 1703.