Charles VII of France: Did you mean...?

The War of the Second Coalition (1798-1802), part of the broader French Revolutionary Wars, was the second attempt by an alliance of major European powers to defeat Revolutionary France. The Second Coalition, which included Russia, Austria...

The XYZ Affair was a diplomatic incident that occurred in 1797-98, involving diplomats from the United States and Revolutionary France. Amidst rising tensions between the two nations, President John Adams sent envoys to Paris to negotiate...

The Coronation of Napoleon I as Emperor of the French took place on Sunday 2 December 1804, in the Notre-Dame de Paris cathedral. A sacred ceremony held to legitimize Napoleon's reign, the coronation signaled the birth of the First French...

The Cadoudal Affair, or the Pichegru Conspiracy, was a failed royalist attempt to kill or kidnap Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821), then the First Consul of the French Republic, and restore the House of Bourbon to the French throne. The conspiracy's...

Lothaire Bluteau as Charles of West Francia and Morgane Polanski as Gisela of France in the TV series Vikings. The Charles character is an amalgamation of the historical kings of West Francia, Charles the Bald, Charles the Simple and Charles...

Cleopatra VII Philopator was the last queen of Ancient Egypt before it was annexed as a province of Rome. Cleopatra VII Philopator lived between circa 69 and 30 BCE and ruled Ancient Egypt as queen between 51 and 30 BCE. She was the last...

The iconic cinematic performance of Elizabeth Taylor in the motion picture Cleopatra (1963) left a lasting impression of the Egyptian queen’s supposed beauty. Despite its emphatic opulence, the movie still implies that Cleopatra could only...

There was a bitter rivalry between France and England throughout the 14th and 15th century CE and their frequent battles in this period are now known to history as the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453 CE). In this collection of resources, we...

Henry VIII of England ruled as king from 1509 to 1547. The second Tudor king after his father Henry VII of England (r. 1485-1509), Henry had inherited a kingdom which enjoyed both unity and sound finances. Famous for his six wives as he searched...

Statue of Charles Martel at the Château de Chambord, photograph by Babeth Étiève-Cartwright, France, 30 October, 2025. Charles Martel (r. 718-741) was the illegitimate son of Pepin II (r. 687-714), and his concubine Alpaïde, born while he...