Caliphate of Cordoba: Did you mean...?

Illustration of the Battle of Yarmouk (636) at the bottom of the page of an early 14th Century CE manuscript. The forces of the Rashidun Caliphate are shown with a star and crescent banner, while the Byzantines are depicted with a star banner...

A 16th Century CE painting of Harun al-Rashid (r. 786 - 809 CE), caliph of the Abbasid Caliphate.

A map showing the conquest of Byzantine Egypt by the Rashidun Caliphate (640-642 CE), led by Amr ibn al-Aas and al-Zubayr ibn al-Awamm.

Northwest Africa after 743 CE, when the Umayyad Caliphate had been overthrown in the region by the Berber Revolt of 739 - 743 CE.

The Siege of Constantinople by the Umayyad Caliphate in 717 – 718 CE, as depicted in the 14th-century Bulgarian translation of the Constantine Manasses Chronicle. The image has been digitally retouched.

Islamic coin of Arab-Sasanian origin. From Bishapur, Persia. Made c. 651-661 CE, during the Rashidun Caliphate. Left: Sasanian style bust imitating Kosrau II (r. 590-628 CE). Right: Fire altar with ribbons and attendants, star and crescent...

Folio from a manuscript of the Tarikhnama (Persian: "Book of History") by Muhammad Bal'ami (10th Century CE). The folio depicts As-Saffah (r. 750 - 754 CE), founder of the Abbasid Caliphate, being proclaimed caliph. Likely made in Iraq...

Batalla de Guadalete (Spanish for "The Battle of Guadalete") by the Spanish painter Salvador Martinez Cubells (1845-1914 CE). The painting depicts the historical Battle of Guadalete in 711 CE, fought between the Umayyad Caliphate and Rodric...

The ancient city of Anjar is the sole Umayyad settlement in Lebanon, founded during the 8th century CE Umayyad caliphate. It is located in the Bekaa Valley, 47 kilometres (29 miles) south of Baalbek.

The Sasanian Empire (224-651 CE, also given as Sassanian, Sasanid or Sassanid) was the last pre-Islamic Persian empire, established in 224 CE by Ardeshir I, son of Papak, descendant of Sasan. The Empire lasted until 651 CE when it was overthrown...