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Map of the First Fitna
Map of the conflict between Caliph Ali (r. 656-661 CE) and Muawiyah I (r. 661 – 680 CE) during the First Fitna (656 – 661 CE), a civil war within the Rashidun Caliphate. The area shaded in green represents the territories of the Caliphate...

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Statue of Abd al-Rahman I
A modern statue of Abd al-Rahman I, founder of the Emirate of Cordoba, r. 756-788 CE. Almuñécar, Spain.

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Cyclops Polyphemus & Galatea Mosaic
Mosaic with the Cyclops Polyphemus and the nymph of the sea Galatea, discovered in 1959 during excavation work under the Plaza de la Corredera in Cordoba, Spain. The mosaic dates to the 2nd century CE. Salón de los Mosaicos (Hall of Mosaics...

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Abd al-Rahman I
An illustration of Abd al-Rahman I, founder of the Emirate of Cordoba, r. 756-788 CE.

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Bust of Marcus Annaeus Lucanus
Bust of the Roman poet Marcus Annaeus Lucanus (CE 39-65). Grandson of Seneca the Elder and nephew of Seneca the Younger, was a Roman statesman and Latin poet. The sculpture can be found in his birthplace, Corduba (modern day Córdoba, Spain...

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Madinat al-Zahra
Caliphal palace at Madinat al-Zahra, near Cordoba, Spain, built by Abd al-Rahman III (r. 912-961 CE).

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Oceanus Mosaic
Mosaic with a mask of the god Oceanus with lobster claws protruding from his head, and dolphins and fish escaping from his beard. Dated to 2nd-3rd century CE. Salón de los Mosaicos (Hall of Mosaics) Alcazar of the Christian Monarchs, Cordoba...

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Ten Sefirot
Ten Sefirot on the Cordoba Synagogue's east wall, Spain.

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Madinat al-Zahra
Caliphal palace at Madinat al-Zahra, near Cordoba, Spain, built by Abd al-Rahman III (r. 912-961 CE).

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Lioness of Baena
The "Lioness of Baena" was made of limestone in the 5th century BCE by ancient Iberian people. It was found at Minguillar Hill (Baena, Córdoba), Spain. In a menacing pose with open jaws, this lioness may have been a protective element on...