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Anglo-Powhatan Wars
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Anglo-Powhatan Wars

The Anglo-Powhatan Wars were a series of conflicts between the English colonists of Virginia and the indigenous people of the Powhatan Confederacy between 1610-1646 CE. The Powhatan Confederacy (of over 30 tribes) was led by the chief Wahunsenacah...
Robert Boyle
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Robert Boyle

Robert Boyle (1627-1691) was an Anglo-Irish chemist, physicist, and experimental philosopher. Boyle was a prolific author, made significant experiments with air pumps, and presented the first litmus test. A founding member of the Royal Society...
Middle and Southern English Colonies
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Middle and Southern English Colonies

The establishment of the Middle and Southern English Colonies of North America was encouraged by the earlier English settlements of Jamestown Colony of Virginia in the south (founded 1607) and Plymouth Colony and, especially, Massachusetts...
Defence of Mafeking
Image by G W Bacon & Co London

Defence of Mafeking

The Defence of Mafeking, illustration from Bacon's South Africa War Prints, 1899. The siege of Mafeking (1899-1900) was a major engagement in the Boer War (aka South Africa War, 1899-1902). The British held out for over 200 days before being...
Frontispiece to Novum Organum
Image by Unknown Artist

Frontispiece to Novum Organum

The frontispiece to Novum Organum by Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626), published in 1620. Presenting what he described as a new scientific method of inquiry, Bacon likened himself in this pioneering endeavor to Christopher Columbus, hence the...
Ten Great Slave Revolts in Colonial America and the United States
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ten Great Slave Revolts in Colonial America and the United States

There were 250-311 slave revolts in Colonial America and the United States between c. 1663 and c. 1860 as defined by scholar Herbert Aptheker (l. 1915-2003), but, almost certainly, many more that were not reported, as news of an uprising...
Rationing in Wartime Britain
Article by Mark Cartwright

Rationing in Wartime Britain

Rationing of food, clothing, petrol, and other essential items was introduced in Britain during the Second World War (1939-45) when the country's imports were severely threatened by German U-boat attacks on merchant shipping in the Atlantic...
Virginia Slave Laws and Development of Colonial American Slavery
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Virginia Slave Laws and Development of Colonial American Slavery

Racialized chattel slavery developed in the English colonies of North America between 1640-1660 and was fully institutionalized by 1700. Although slavery was practiced in the New England and Middle colonies, and Massachusetts Bay Colony passed...
The Scientific Revolution  (c. 1500–1700)
Image by Simeon Netchev

The Scientific Revolution (c. 1500–1700) - From Tradition to Empiricism in Early Modern Europe

The Scientific Revolution (c. 1500–1700) marks a transformative phase in European intellectual history, during which long-standing medieval frameworks were increasingly challenged by empirical observation and mathematical reasoning. Emerging...
Relief of Mafeking
Image by G. W. Bacon & Co.

Relief of Mafeking

A 1900 illustration showing the relief of Mafeking in May 1900. The siege of Mafeking (1899-1900) was a major engagement in the Boer War (aka South Africa War, 1899-1902). The British held out for over 200 days before being relieved. G W...
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