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Tiglath Pileser I
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Tiglath Pileser I

Tiglath Pileser I (reigned 1115-1076 BCE), an Assyrian king of the period known as the Middle Empire, revitalized the economy and the military that had been suffering, more or less, since the death of the king Tukulti Ninurta I (1244-1208...
Zarathustra
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Zarathustra

Zarathustra (also given as Zoroaster, Zartosht, Zarathustra Spitama, l. c. 1500-1000 BCE) was the Persian priest-turned-prophet who founded the religion of Zoroastrianism (also given as Mazdayasna “devotion to Mazda”), the first monotheistic...
Mesopotamian Literature
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Mesopotamian Literature - The Earliest Works of the Imagination

Ancient Mesopotamian literature developed circa 2600 BCE after scribes, who had formerly been record-keepers, began composing original works in the region of Sumer. The Sumerians invented writing circa 3600/3500 BCE, refined the script circa...
Ashurnasirpal II
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ashurnasirpal II

Ashurnasirpal II (r. 884-859 BCE) was the third king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. His father was Tukulti-Ninurta II (r. 891-884 BCE) whose military campaigns throughout the region provided his son with a sizeable empire and the resources to...
Assyrian Soldiers Engaging with Nubian Soldiers at Memphis
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Assyrian Soldiers Engaging with Nubian Soldiers at Memphis

Detail of a large gypsum wall panel showing the Assyrian army attacking the Egyptian city of Memphis and commemorating the final victory of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal II over the Egyptian king Taharqa in 667 BCE. Panel 17, Room M of the...
Ancient Syria
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ancient Syria

Syria is a country located in the Middle East on the shore of the Mediterranean Sea and bordered, from the north down to the west, by Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, Israel, and Lebanon. It is one of the oldest inhabited regions in the world with archaeological...
Assyrian Archers from Khorsabad
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Assyrian Archers from Khorsabad

Assyrian relief depicting a group of Assyrian archers attacking an enemy (not shown here), from the Royal Palace of Sargon II at Khorsabad, in modern-day Nineveh Governorate, Iraq, c. 710 BCE. A soldier holding a large and long shield stands...
Assyrian Soldiers Holding Decapitated Heads of Nubian Soldiers
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Assyrian Soldiers Holding Decapitated Heads of Nubian Soldiers

Detail of a large gypsum wall panel, depicting the Assyrian attack on a fortress at the Egyptian city of Memphis in 667 BCE, Panel 17, Room M of the North Palace at Nineveh, Northern Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq, Neo-Assyrian Empire, 645-635...
Assyrian Army Assault on Lachish
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Assyrian Army Assault on Lachish

Assyrian relief, from the South-West palace at Nineveh (modern Kuyunjik, Mousil city, Iraq), room XXXVI, panel 7, Neo-Assyrian Empire, 700-692 BCE. This wall relief delivers a very vivid description of the battlefield. The Assyrian army...
Assyrian Archers Attacking an Egyptian Fortress at Memphis
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Assyrian Archers Attacking an Egyptian Fortress at Memphis

Detail of a large gypsum wall panel showing the Assyrian army attacking the Egyptian city of Memphis and commemorating the final victory of the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal II over the Egyptian king Taharqa in 667 BCE. Panel 17, Room M of the...
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