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Zakutu
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Zakutu

Zakutu (l. c. 728 - c. 668 BCE) was the Akkadian name of Naqi’a, a secondary wife of Sennacherib of Assyria (r. 705-681 BCE). Though she was not Sennacherib's queen, she bore him a son, Esarhaddon, who would succeed him. She may have ruled...
Tigranocerta
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Tigranocerta

Tigranocerta (Tigranakert) was a city in the southwest of ancient Armenia founded and made capital by Tigranes the Great in 83 BCE. Famous for its riches and fine buildings, as well as its mix of Hellenistic and Persian culture, the city...
Hildegard of Bingen's Unknown Language and Unknown Letters
Article by Garry J. Shaw

Hildegard of Bingen's Unknown Language and Unknown Letters

Sometime in 1153 or 1154, the German nun Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179) wrote a letter to the elderly Pope Anastasius IV (1073-1154). Her words were scathing. She called the pope tired and criticized his rule, describing him as too accepting...
Letters & Post in the Ancient World
Article by Mark Cartwright

Letters & Post in the Ancient World

Letters and their delivery via a state communication system was a feature of many ancient cultures. The writing medium may have differed but the Mesopotamians, Egyptians, Greeks, Romans, and Incas all had the means to send messengers and...
The First Christian Missionaries
Article by Rebecca Denova

The First Christian Missionaries

According to Luke's Acts of the Apostles, the last thing Jesus did before he bodily ascended to heaven was to commission the disciples to 'witness' to his teachings. 'Disciple' meant 'student' and was derived from the various schools of philosophy...
Women in the New Testament
Article by Rebecca Denova

Women in the New Testament

Women in the New Testament are presented for the most part along the contours of both Jewish and Greco-Roman concepts of the social construction of gender roles. Women’s value to society was in their role in procreation. There are some exceptions...
Historical Problems in the Trial(s) & Crucifixion in the Gospels
Article by Rebecca Denova

Historical Problems in the Trial(s) & Crucifixion in the Gospels

The story of the trial and crucifixion of Jesus Christ is reenacted every year by Christians all over the world in the Easter liturgy. The story has become an essential article of faith and is rarely questioned by New Testament scholars and...
Origins of Christian Antisemitism in the Gospels
Article by Rebecca Denova

Origins of Christian Antisemitism in the Gospels

Antisemitism is a modern term that describes prejudice and hostility to Jews and Judaism. The term is derived from the later social scientific categorization of the subfamily of the Afro-Asiatic languages of Hebrew, Aramaic, Arabic, and Amharic...
Colchis & Iberia in Antiquity
Article by Tedo Dundua

Colchis & Iberia in Antiquity

Colchis (western Georgia) and Kartli/Iberia (eastern and southern Georgia) were important regions in the Caucasus area of Eurasia from the Bronze Age of the 15th century BCE. Prospering through agriculture and trade, the region attracted...
Interview: King of the World by Matt Waters
Interview by Kelly Macquire

Interview: King of the World by Matt Waters

In this interview, World History Encyclopedia sits down with author Matt Waters to chat about his new book King of the World: The Life of Cyrus the Great published by Oxford University Press. Kelly: Can you tell us a bit about your book...
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