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Avesta
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Avesta

The Avesta is the scripture of Zoroastrianism which developed from an oral tradition founded by the prophet Zoroaster (Zarathustra, Zartosht) sometime between c. 1500-1000 BCE. The title is generally accepted as meaning “praise”, though this...
Queen of Sheba
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Queen of Sheba

The Queen of Sheba is the monarch mentioned in the Bible and then in later works who travels to Jerusalem to experience the wisdom of King Solomon (c. 965-931 BCE) of Israel first-hand. The queen is first mentioned in I Kings 10:1-13 and...
Dead Sea Scroll Qohelet from Qumran
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Dead Sea Scroll Qohelet from Qumran

This is Dead Sea Scroll number 4Q109, known as Qohelet (Ecclesiastes), which was found in Cave 4 at Qumran (Khirbet Qumran or Wadi Qumran). The Dead Sea Scrolls are ancient Jewish religious manuscripts. The majority were written in Hebrew...
Dead Sea Scroll of Pesher Isaiah
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Dead Sea Scroll of Pesher Isaiah

This is part of Pesher Isaiah, scroll number 4Q162, which was found in Cave 4 at Qumran (Khirbet Qumran or Wadi Qumran). A pesher is a type of commentary. The Dead Sea Scrolls are ancient Jewish religious manuscripts. The majority were written...
Dead Sea Scroll 28 from Qumran
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Dead Sea Scroll 28 from Qumran

This is Dead Sea Scroll number 28a (1Q28a), which was found in Cave 1 at Qumran (Khirbet Qumran or Wadi Qumran). The Dead Sea Scrolls are ancient Jewish religious manuscripts. The majority were written in Hebrew script on leather or papyrus...
Dead Sea Scroll Testimonia from Qumran
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Dead Sea Scroll Testimonia from Qumran

Dead Sea Scroll number 175 (4Q175), which was found in Cave 4 at Qumran (Khirbet Qumran or Wadi Qumran), West Bank of the Jordan River, near the north part of the Dead Sea, modern-day State of Israel. It is also known as "The Testimonia"...
Palmyra
Image by Bernard Gagnon

Palmyra

View of Palmyra with the Temple of Bel, Syria. Palmyra (Aramaic: ܬܕܡܘܪܬܐ‎;Hebrew: תדמור; tiḏmor, Greek: Παλμύρα, Arabic: تدمر‎; Tadmur, /ˌpælˈmaɪərə/) was an ancient city in central Syria. In antiquity, it was an important city located...
Achaemenid Lion Weight
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Achaemenid Lion Weight

One side of this heavy weight is inscribed in Aramaic with "correct according to the stater of silver". This probably refers to the use of a weight standard based on the silver coins known as staters. This object weighs just over 31 kg, which...
Statue of Abu Bint Jablo, Hatra
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Statue of Abu Bint Jablo, Hatra

The Aramaic inscription on the base of the statute states that it was commissioned by Abu Bint Jablo's husband in her memory and that she was assassinated for an unknown reason under vague circumstances at the age of 18. The inscription also...
Tel Dan Inscription
Image by Dana Murray

Tel Dan Inscription

Erected in the mid ninth-eigth century B.C.E., the Tel Dan Stela includes the Tel Dan Inscription (or "House of David" inscription) thereby providing the first historical evidence of King David from the Bible. The inscription is written in...
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