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Khitan
Definition

Khitan

The Khitan people formed the Liao dynasty and ruled parts of Mongolia, Manchuria, and northern China from 907 to 1125 CE. Adopting elements of Chinese government and culture, the Khitan were more than a match for their rivals the Song...
Mongol Empire
Definition

Mongol Empire

The Mongol Empire (1206-1368) was founded by Genghis Khan (r. 1206-1227), first Great Khan or 'universal ruler' of the Mongol peoples. Genghis forged the empire by uniting nomadic tribes of the Asian steppe and creating a devastatingly...
Map of the Ming Dynasty of China, 1368-1644
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Map of the Ming Dynasty of China, 1368-1644

The Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) marked the restoration of native Han Chinese rule after the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty (1271-1368). Founded by the Hongwu Emperor (Zhu Yuanzhang, reign 1368-1398...
The Great Wall of China in Snow
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The Great Wall of China in Snow

A section of the Great Wall of China just north of Beijing. The wall was begun in the 7th century BCE and significantly extended by the Ch'in emperor Qin Shi Huangdi from 220 to 210 BCE.
The Great Wall of China
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The Great Wall of China

The Great Wall of China, built 221 BCE-1664 CE.
Watchtower at the Great Wall of China
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Watchtower at the Great Wall of China

The Great Wall of China was begun during the Qin Dynasty (221-206 BCE) but little of that original wall is left. The wall that people recognize today is largely from the Ming Dynasty (1368-1662 CE) which built...
Great Wall of China Stairs
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Great Wall of China Stairs

Stairs at the Great Wall of China (built 221BCE - 1664CE).
Global Trade in the 13th Century
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Global Trade in the 13th Century

In the 13th century, astonishing quantities of spices and silk passed from the Far East to Europe. Exact amounts are not known, but spice popularity in both cuisine and medicine reached its historical peak during...
Three Kingdoms Period of China and the Rise of Xianbei in the year 229 CE
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Three Kingdoms Period of China and the Rise of Xianbei in the year 229 CE

This map depicts the boundaries of all major civilizations in East Asia at the beginning of the Three Kingdoms Period of China, with italics indicating nomadic bands and other tribal...
Battle of Red Cliffs
Definition

Battle of Red Cliffs

The Battle of Red Cliffs (also known as the Battle of Chibi, 208 CE) was the pivotal engagement between the forces of Northern China led by the warlord Cao Cao (l. 155-220 CE) and the allied defenders of the south under the...
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