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Coal Mining in the British Industrial Revolution
Coal mining boomed during the British Industrial Revolution as it provided fuel for steam engines of all kinds in factories, transport, and agriculture. Draining flooded mines to extract more coal was the reason the steam engine was invented...
Article
6 Key Instruments of the Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution (1500-1700) was driven by several key inventions, all scientific instruments that became essential to achieving a greater understanding of the world around us. With instruments like the telescope, microscope, thermometer...
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African Americans in the American Revolution
On the eve of the American Revolution (1765-1789), the Thirteen Colonies had a population of roughly 2.1 million people. Around 500,000 of these were African Americans, of whom approximately 450,000 were enslaved. Comprising such a large...
Article
Women in the American Revolution
In Colonial America, women were discouraged from taking an interest in politics and were instead expected to focus only on traditionally 'feminine' matters, such as homemaking and childrearing. However, such gender roles were challenged during...
Article
Astronomy in the Scientific Revolution
The astronomers of the Scientific Revolution rejected long-held theories of ancient thinkers like Claudius Ptolemy and Aristotle and instead set out to systematically observe the heavens in order to create a model of the universe that fit...
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Possible Agricultural Centers in Prehistoric China
Map showing the spatial distribution of rice, millet, and mixed farming sites with a boundary of rice and millet and possible centers of agriculture in China, published in "Prehistoric evolution of the dualistic structure mixed rice and millet...
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Inca Agricultural Terracing
An Inca circular terracing used to increase agricultural yield. Moray, Peru, 15-16th century CE.
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Lend-Lease Agricultural Equipment
A photograph showing agricultural equipment sent to Britain through the US Lend-Lease programme during the Second World War (1939-45). (Imperial War Museums)
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Russia in Revolution 1905-17
In the early years of the 20th century, the Russian Empire, ruled by Tsar Nicholas II (reign 1894-1917), faced increasing unrest from within by all sections of society. The peasantry, working classes, middle classes, and nationalist movements...
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The Steel Industry in the British Industrial Revolution
The production of steel during the British Industrial Revolution became cheaper and more reliable thanks to the Bessemer converter, a type of blast furnace that removed undesirable impurities from pig iron. The superior strength and durability...