Islam Timeline

Muhammad is born in Mecca.

Muhammad receives his first revelation on Mount Hira.

Muhammad undertakes the Hegira (Hijra), the migration from Mecca to Medina, establishing the start of the Islamic calendar.

Battle of Badr: Muhammad's forces win, resulting in a turning point for Islam against the ruling Quraysh tribe.

Battle of Uhud: Quraysh tribe defeats the Muslims.

Battle of the Trench: Quraysh troops attempt to siege Medina (then called Yathrib), but lose to the Muslim force.

Siege of Bani Qurayzah: Muslims capture the Jewish stronghold.

Treaty of Hudaybiyyah: A peace agreement is signed between Muhammad's Muslims and the people of Mecca.

Conquest of Khaybar oasis: Jews barricade themselves in a fort at Khaybar oasis and are allowed to remain living there if they pay the Muslims one third of their produce.

First Pilgrimage ("lesser" pilgrimage or "umrah") made by Muhammad and his Muslims to Mecca after migrating to Medina.

Battle of Mu'tah: Muslims attempt to capture the village east of the Jordan River from the Byzantine Empire to show their expanding dominance, resulting in a Muslim defeat.

Non-violent conquest of Mecca: The Quraysh realize that the Muslims now greatly outnumber them and allow the Muslims to capture their city, Mecca, and rule it as they please.

Battle of Hunayn: Ending in a decisive victory for the Muslims over the Bedouin tribe of Hawazin.

Attempted Siege of Ta'if: Muhammad's forces are initially unable to siege Ta'if and convert its people to Islam.

"Farewell Hajj Pilgrimage": This is the only Hajj pilgrimage in which Muhammad participates.

Muhammad dies in Medina, not clearly naming a successor to lead the Muslim people.

Abu Bakr becomes the first caliph (successor to Muhammad) of the Rashidun Caliphate.

Umar ibn al-Khattab succeeds Abu Bakr, becoming the second caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.

Muslim invasion of the Levant. The Byzantines are driven out.

Uthman ibn 'Affan succeeds Umar to become the third caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.

Uthman orders the establishment of one "true" Quran while destroying the others.

Muslim Conquest of Mesopotamia.

Ali ibn Abi Talib succeeds Uthman to become the fourth and final caliph of the Rashidun Caliphate.

Hasan ibn Ali, Shia Islam's second imam (his father, Ali ibn Abi Talib, being the first imam), is poisoned to death.

Husayn ibn Ali, Shia Islam's third imam, is beheaded by Yazid I's force at the Battle of Karbala in present-day Iraq.

Fall of the Umayyad Caliphate.

Start of the Abbasid Caliphate.

Reign of Al-Mansur over the Abbasid Caliphate.

Abd al-Rahman I establishes the Emirate of Cordoba.

Reign of Abd al-Rahman I over the Emirate of Cordoba.

Zaragoza invites Charlemagne into Spain.

The city of Zaragoza falls to forces from the Emirate of Cordoba.

Abd al-Rahman I begins construction on the Great Mosque of Cordoba.

Death of Abd al-Rahman I of the Emirate of Cordoba.

Fall of the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba.

Uzbeg rules the Golden Horde and makes Islam the state religion.