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Persian Rose-and-Nightingale Paintings
Definition by Pegah Eidipour

Persian Rose-and-Nightingale Paintings

Rose-and-nightingale paintings and patterns (gul-u-bulbul) are a subtheme of the bird-flower (gul-u-morḡ) genre in Persian art. Bird-and-flower paintings are of Chinese origin and include pictorial elements such as flowers and plants, birds...
Renkioi Hospital
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Renkioi Hospital

The Renkioi Hospital, was a complex of innovative prefabricated buildings designed by Isambard Kingdom Brunel for use during the Crimean War (1853-56). Brunel had been moved by the heavy casualties and even higher deaths via disease during...
Florence Nightingale
Image by Henry Hering

Florence Nightingale

A c. 1860 photograph of the English nurse Florence Nightingale (1820-1910) who greatly improved survival rates in military hospitals during the Crimean War (1853-56) and lobbied the British government for better facilities leading to the...
Donatello
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Donatello

Donatello (c. 1386-1466 CE), full name Donato di Niccolo di Betto Bardi, was an Italian Renaissance artist best known for his sculptures such as the striking bronze figure of David now in the Bargello museum of his native Florence. Donatello...
Florence Bapistery & Florence Cathedral
Image by Nicole Ferzoco

Florence Bapistery & Florence Cathedral

View of the Florence Baptistery, built between 1059 and 1128. In the background, the Dome of the Florence Cathedral, built 1436 CE, is visible to the right.
Twelve Menacing & Protective Mythological Figures
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Twelve Menacing & Protective Mythological Figures

The term mythology comes from the Greek words mythos (“story of the people”) and logos (“word”) and so is defined as the spoken (later written) story of a culture. Modern scholars have divided myths into different types which serve many different...
Filippo Brunelleschi
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Filippo Brunelleschi

Filippo Brunelleschi (1377-1446 CE) was an Italian Renaissance architect, goldsmith, and sculptor, who is most famous for his work on the cathedral of Florence and its impressive soaring brick dome, completed in 1436 CE. Considered one of...
Third Gender Figures in the Ancient Near East
Article by William Brown

Third Gender Figures in the Ancient Near East

In the ancient Near East, there was a social standard by which men were ideally expected to behave. In the 21st century CE, expectations still exist, albeit in different forms. Normative masculinity through ancient Mesopotamia typically concerned...
Rose-and-Nightingale Vanity Box
Image by Muhammad Baqir

Rose-and-Nightingale Vanity Box

Persian vanity box decorated with a rose-and-nightingale motif, by Muhammad Baqir, 1789. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
Michelangelo
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Michelangelo

Michelangelo (1475-1564 CE) was an Italian artist, architect and poet, who is considered one of the greatest and most influential of all Renaissance figures. His most celebrated works, from a breathtaking portfolio of masterpieces, include...
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