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Enlil
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Enlil

Enlil (also known as Ellil and Nunamnir) was the Sumerian god of the air in the Mesopotamian Pantheon but was more powerful than any other elemental deities and eventually was worshiped as King of the Gods. He is featured in a number of important...
Ninurta
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ninurta

Ninurta (identified with Ningirsu, Pabilsag, and the biblical Nimrod) is the Sumerian and Akkadian hero-god of war, hunting, and the south wind. He first appears in texts in the early 3rd millennium BCE as an agricultural god and local deity...
Dur-Sharrukin
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Dur-Sharrukin

Dur-Sharrukin (modern Khorsabad, Iraq) was a city built by Sargon II of Assyria (r. 722-705 BCE) as his new capital between 717-706 BCE. The name means Fortress of Sargon and the building project became the king's near obsession as soon as...
Enlil in the E-kur
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Enlil in the E-kur

Enlil in the E-Kur (c. 2000 BCE) is a Sumerian hymn praising the sky god Enlil, his temple/ziggurat at Nippur, and his consort Ninlil, depicting all three in glowing terms and Enlil as a creator-god. The piece is highly regarded as an important...
Mesopotamian Gods
Collection by Joshua J. Mark

Mesopotamian Gods - A Brief Survey of Some Great Mesopotamian Deities

The gods of Mesopotamia are first evidenced during the Ubaid Period (circa 6500-4000 BCE) when temples were raised to them, but their worship developed during the Uruk Period (circa 4000-3100 BCE) and their names appear in writing beginning...
Recreation of the Etemenanki in Babylon
Image by Ancient History Magazine / Karwansaray Publishers

Recreation of the Etemenanki in Babylon

The Etemenanki (Sumerian for: "temple of the foundation of heaven and earth") was a massive ziggurat dedicated to Marduk in ancient Babylon. It is unclear when the Etemenanki was originally constructed, and it is sometimes associated with...
Tepe Sialk, Iran
Image by Carole Raddato

Tepe Sialk, Iran

Tepe Sialk is an archeological site (a tepe, "hill, tell") near Kashan in central Iran consisting of two hills with six main phases of occupation. The oldest settlements in Sialk date to around 6000–5500 BCE while the ziggurat was constructed...
Chogha Zanbil (Dur Untash)
Image by James Carnehan

Chogha Zanbil (Dur Untash)

Elamite Ziggurat located in today's Khuzestan Province in Iran. It was constructed in approximately 1250 BCE in a religious city originally called Dur Untash.
A Stamped Mud Brick, Borsippa
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

A Stamped Mud Brick, Borsippa

Stamped mud brick from the temple and ziggurat of God Nabu. Borsippa, Mesopotamia, Iraq.
A Gallery of Mesopotamian Religion
Image Gallery by Joshua J. Mark

A Gallery of Mesopotamian Religion

Mesopotamian religion was informed by the belief that humans were co-workers with the gods in maintaining the order created at the beginning of time and so religious expression was integral to daily life in ancient Mesopotamia in how they...
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