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Cernunnos
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Cernunnos - The Ancient Celtic Nature God

Cernunnos was an ancient Celtic god who represented nature, flora and fauna, and fertility. He is frequently depicted in Celtic art wearing stag antlers or horns and usually a torc around his neck. Few details are known about him but celebrated...
Gundestrup Cauldron
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Gundestrup Cauldron

The Gundestrup Cauldron is a gilded silver bowl found in Gundestrup in Denmark in 1891 CE. It was likely made in the Balkans, perhaps in the 1st century BCE, and shows a clear influence from Celtic art and mythology, even if other motifs...
Death, Burial & the Afterlife in the Ancient Celtic Religion
Article by Mark Cartwright

Death, Burial & the Afterlife in the Ancient Celtic Religion

The ancient Celts who occupied large parts of Europe from 700 BCE to 400 CE displayed a clear belief in an afterlife as evidenced in their treatment of the dead. In the absence of extensive written records by the Celts themselves, we are...
Ancient Celtic Society
Article by Mark Cartwright

Ancient Celtic Society

The society of the Celts in Iron Age Europe was made up of several distinct hierarchical groups. At the top were rulers and elite warriors, then there were the religious leaders, the druids, and then specialised craftworkers, traders, farmers...
Trade in Ancient Celtic Europe
Article by Mark Cartwright

Trade in Ancient Celtic Europe

Trade in raw materials and manufactured goods in ancient Celtic Europe was vibrant and far-reaching, particularly regarding the centre of the continent where there was a hub of well-established trade routes. As the Celts' territory expanded...
Celtic Warrior
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Celtic Warrior

The warriors of Celtic Europe were amongst the most distinctive of any fighters in the ancient world. With their great height, long hair and moustaches, frequent nakedness, painted and tattooed bodies, and fondness for collecting enemy heads...
Mšecké Žehrovice Hero
Image by Miroslav Zachoval

Mšecké Žehrovice Hero

The "Mšecké Žehrovice Hero" (also known as the "Mšecké Žehrovice Head") is a late 2nd Century BCE or early 1st Century BCE limestone bust of a Celtic warrior. The male figure wears a Celtic torc necklace, and has stylized facial features...
Ancient Celts
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Ancient Celts

The ancient Celts were various tribal groups living in parts of western and central Europe in the Late Bronze Age and through the Iron Age (c. 700 BCE to c. 400 CE). Given the name Celts by ancient writers, these tribes and their culture...
Roman Legionary
Definition by Donald L. Wasson

Roman Legionary

The Roman legionary was a well-trained and disciplined foot soldier, fighting as part of a professional well-organized unit, the legion (Latin: legio), established by the Marian Reforms. While major tactical changes appeared during the final...
Hallstatt Culture
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Hallstatt Culture

The Hallstatt culture is named after the site of that name in Austria and it flourished in central Europe from the 8th to 6th century BCE. The full period of its presence extends from c. 1200 to c. 450 BCE - from the Late Bronze Age to the...
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