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Pope Urban II
A statue of Pope Urban II (r. 1088-1099 CE) who called for the First Crusade (1095-1202 CE). Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Pope Innocent III & the Albigensian Crusade
A medieval manuscript illustration showing Pope Innocent III (r. 1198-1216 CE)
and the crusaders of the Albigensian Crusade in southern France (1209-1229 CE). (Chronicles of Saint-Denis, British Library, London)
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Pope Leo IX
Pope Leo IX (r. 1049-1054), illustration from an illuminated manuscript, 11th century.
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Effigy of Pope Gregory VII
Wax effigy of Pope Gregory VII (c. 1015-1085).
Cathedral of Salerno, Italy.
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Pope Gregory VII, Pitigliano Cathedral
Stained glass window of Pope Gregory VII (1015-1085) at the Pitigliano Cathedral, Italy.
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Pope Pius VII
Portrait of Pope Pius VII, oil on panel by Jacques-Louis David, 1805.
Louvre Museum, Paris.
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Frederick II Being Excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV
A manuscript depicting Frederick II (l. 1194-1250 CE) being excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV.
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Pope Clement VII by Sebastiano del Piombo
A 1526 CE portrait by Sebastiano del Piombo of Pope Clement VII (r. 1523-1534 CE). (National Museum of Capodimonte, Naples, Italy)
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Pope Pius X
A c. 1914 photograph of Pope Pius X (1903-14). (National Portrait Gallery, London)
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Robert Guiscard with Pope Nicholas II
Robert Guiscard (c. 1015-1085) is proclaimed Duke of Apulia, Calabria, and Sicily by Pope Nicholas II, illustration from the Nuova Cronica of Giovanni Villani, 14th century.
