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Pope Innocent III
Pope Innocent III (not to be confused with anti-pope Innocent III), r. 1198-1216 CE, is depicted in this print from Chronologia Summorum Romanorum Pontificum, published in 1675 CE. The text at the bottom reads "Innocent III, ". Measures 120...
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Catherine of Aragon & Henry VIII
A 19th century CE painting by Henry Nelson O'Neil showing the court of 1529 CE which convened to annul the marriage of Catherine of Aragon (1485-1536 CE) and Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE). The marriage would not be annulled until...
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Statue of Henry VIII
Statue of Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547), designed by John Strong, 1702.
Saint Bartholomew Hospital, London.
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Thomas Wolsey
Thomas Wolsey, Cardinal Archbishop of York (l. c. 1473-1530 CE) served as Lord Chancellor to Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) from around 1513 CE to 1529 CE. Wolsey rose to become the most powerful man in England after the king, he...
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Henry VIII Gate, Windsor Castle
The Henry VIII Gate of Windsor Castle, England. The castle was first built by William the Conqueror c. 1070 CE and then added to by many monarchs thereafter. The gate was built by Henry VIII (r. 1509-1547 CE) to give access to the Lower Ward...
Definition
Investiture Controversy
The Investiture Controversy, also referred to as the Investiture Contest or Investiture Dispute, was a conflict lasting from 1076 to 1122 between the papacy of the Catholic Church and the Salian Dynasty of German monarchs who ruled the Holy...
Definition
Donation of Constantine
The Donation of Constantine (Donatio Constantini or the Donatio) is a medieval forgery dated to the 8th century purporting to be an original 4th-century document in which the Roman emperor Constantine the Great (r. 306-337) granted supreme...
Definition
English Reformation
The English Reformation began with Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) and continued in stages over the rest of the 16th century CE. The process witnessed the break away from the Catholic Church headed by the Pope in Rome. The Protestant...
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The Six Wives of Henry VIII of England
The six wives of Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE). Top row, left to right: Catherine of Aragon (Unknown artist, National Portrait Gallery, London) Anne Boleyn (Unknown artist, National Portrait Gallery, London) Jane Seymour (Hans...
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Henry VIII by Holbein
A portrait of Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) by Hans Holbein the Younger, 1540 CE. (National Gallery of Ancient Art, Rome)
