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Cleopatra VII
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Cleopatra VII - The Last Great Pharaoh of Ancient Egypt

Cleopatra VII (69-30 BCE, reign 51-30 BCE) was the last ruler of Egypt before it was annexed as a province of Rome. Arguably the most famous Egyptian queen, Cleopatra was ethnically Greek as a member of the Macedonian Ptolemaic Dynasty (323-30...
Pharaoh
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Pharaoh

The Pharaoh in ancient Egypt was the political and religious leader of the people and held the titles 'Lord of the Two Lands' and 'High Priest of Every Temple'. The word 'pharaoh' is the Greek form of the Egyptian pero or per-a-a, which was...
Bastet
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Bastet

Bastet is the Egyptian goddess of the home, domesticity, women's secrets, cats, fertility, and childbirth. She protected the home from evil spirits and disease, especially diseases associated with women and children. As with many deities...
Ancient Egyptian Warfare
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ancient Egyptian Warfare - The Force That Built an Empire

The Narmer Palette, an ancient Egyptian ceremonial engraving, depicts the great king Narmer (circa 3150 BCE) conquering his enemies with the support and approval of his gods. This piece, dating from circa 3200-3000 BCE, was initially thought...
Warfare
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Warfare - The Development of Resources for Armed Conflict

Warfare is generally understood to be the controlled and systematic waging of armed conflict between sovereign nations or states, using military might and strategy, until one opponent is defeated on the field or sues for peace in the face...
Hephaestion
Definition by Donald L. Wasson

Hephaestion

Hephaestion was a member of Alexander the Great's personal bodyguard and the Macedonian king's closest and lifelong friend and advisor. So much so, Hephaestion's death would bring the young king to tears. From 334 to 323 BCE Alexander the...
Memphis (Ancient Egypt)
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Memphis (Ancient Egypt)

Memphis was one of the oldest and most important cities in ancient Egypt, located at the entrance to the Nile River Valley near the Giza plateau. It served as the capital of ancient Egypt and an important religious cult center. The original...
Pi-Ramesses
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Pi-Ramesses

Pi-Ramesses (also known as Per-Ramesses, Piramese, Pr-Rameses, Pir-Ramaseu) was the city built as the new capital in the Delta region of ancient Egypt by Ramesses II (known as The Great, 1279-1213 BCE). It was located at the site of the modern...
Sennacherib
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Sennacherib

Sennacherib (r. 705-681 BCE) was the second king of the Sargonid Dynasty of Assyria (founded by his father Sargon II, r. 722-705 BCE). He is one of the most famous Assyrian kings owing to the part he plays in narratives in the biblical Old...
God's Wife of Amun
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

God's Wife of Amun

The position of God's Wife of Amun was one of the most politically powerful and spiritually significant in later Egyptian history. Elevated from a figurehead in the New Kingdom (c.1570-1069 BCE), the God's Wife of Amun would hold power equal...
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