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Indigo Revolt
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Indigo Revolt

The Indigo Revolt (aka Indigo Riots or Blue Mutiny) of 1859-60 in Bengal, India, involved indigo growers going on strike in protest at working conditions and pay. The subsequent violence was aimed at exploitative European plantation owners...
Top 10 Inventions of the Industrial Revolution
Article by Mark Cartwright

Top 10 Inventions of the Industrial Revolution

The British Industrial Revolution transformed life at work and at home for practically everyone. Noise, pollution, social upheaval, and repetitive jobs were the price to pay for labour-saving machines, cheap and comfortable transportation...
The Fullers of Ancient Rome
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Fullers of Ancient Rome

The fullers of ancient Rome were launderers who washed the clothes of the city and also finished processing fabric later made into clothing, blankets, or other necessary items. They were looked down upon for their use of human and animal...
Battle of the Ruhr
Article by Mark Cartwright

Battle of the Ruhr

The Battle of the Ruhr or the Ruhr Air Offensive (March-July 1943) was a sustained bombing campaign by the British and the United States air forces against the industrial heartland of Germany during the Second World War (1939-45). The offensive...
Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
Image by Noel Feans

Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania

Olduvai (or Oldupai) Gorge in Tanzania is a highly important palaeoanthropological site. Homo habilis, Paranthropus boisei, Homo erectus as well as our own Homo sapiens are known to have been present here. For Homo habilis, it is also the...
Iranian Revolution
Definition by Scarlett Hart

Iranian Revolution

The Iranian Revolution (1978-1979) was the social movement that arose from widespread and diverse discontent with the monarchic government of Iran. The revolution was fought against the regime of Mohammad Reza Shah (r. 1941-1979), and it...
The Candaces of Meroe
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

The Candaces of Meroe

The Candaces of Meroe were the queens of the Kingdom of Kush who ruled from the city of Meroe c. 284 BCE-c. 314 CE - a number of whom ruled independently c. 170 BCE-c. 314 CE - in what is now Sudan. The title Candace is the Latinized version...
Medieval Guilds
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Medieval Guilds

Guilds of merchants and craft workers were formed in medieval Europe so that their members could benefit from mutual aid. Guilds ensured production standards were maintained and that competition was reduced. In addition, by members acting...
Revolt of Lyon
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Revolt of Lyon

The Revolt of Lyon against the rule of the National Convention was a counter-revolutionary rebellion that played a role in both the Federalist Revolts and the Reign of Terror during the period of the French Revolution (1789-1799). Beginning...
Parthian Culture
Definition by Patrick Scott Smith, M. A.

Parthian Culture

Stretching between China and India in the east to the Mediterranean in the west, Parthia ruled over one of the widest expanses of empire in its time and Parthian culture flourished for 500 years (247 BCE to 224 CE). While known for their...
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