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Festivals in Ancient Mesopotamia
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Festivals in Ancient Mesopotamia

Festivals in ancient Mesopotamia honored the patron deity of a city-state or the primary god of the city that controlled a region or empire. The earliest, the Akitu festival, was first observed in Sumer in the Early Dynastic Period (2900-2334...
Lost Treasures From Iraq: Revisited & Identified
Article by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Lost Treasures From Iraq: Revisited & Identified

For how long do we build a household? For how long do we seal a document? For how long do brothers share the inheritance? For how long is there to be jealousy in the land(?)? The Epic of Gilgamesh, chapter 10, Tablet X...
Truths Wrapped in Fiction: Mesopotamian Naru Literature
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Truths Wrapped in Fiction: Mesopotamian Naru Literature

Originality in literary compositions in the ancient world did not carry the same weight and value as it does today. In recent centuries, authors have been applauded for the creation of original works and have been derided for plagiarism or...
Map of Sumer
Image by P L Kessler

Map of Sumer

The area which formed Sumer started at the Persian Gulf and reached north to the 'neck' of Mesopotamia where the two rivers, the Tigris and the Euphrates meander much closer to each other. To the east loomed the Zagros Mountains, where scattered...
Law Code of King Ur-Nammu
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Law Code of King Ur-Nammu

This law code is considered the oldest known law code surviving today. Many terracotta tablets of this law code have been excavated at several archaeological sites in Mesopotamia. This tablet was found at Nippur (modern Nuffar, Al-Qadisiyah...
Enlil
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg)

Enlil

Baked clay statue of the Mesopotamian god Enlil, from the Scribal Quarter at Nippur, Iraq, 1800-1600 BCE. Iraq Museum, Baghdad.
Foundation Figurine of Ur-Nammu
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Foundation Figurine of Ur-Nammu

This bronze statuette was found at the foundation deposits of the temple of Eanna at Nippur. The statue depicts Ur-Nammu, king of Ur, holding a basket on his head as the builder of the temple. Ur III (Neo-Sumerian) period, reign of Ur-Nammu...
Inanna Prefers the Farmer
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Inanna Prefers the Farmer

This terracotta cuneiform tablet is about the myth of "Inanna prefers the farmer." In this myth, Enkimdu (the god of farming) and Dumuzi (the god of food and vegetation) tried to win the hand of the goddess Inanna. From Nippur (modern Nuffar...
Ningishzida
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Ningishzida

Old-Babylonian fired clay plaque depicting Ningishzida, the Mesopotamian deity of vegetation and the underworld, flanked by 2 small human figures. Found during the 2nd excavation season of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago...
Advice for a Prince
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Advice for a Prince

This literary text gives an advice to a prince on how a king should behave, with the agenda of securing tax exemptions for the cities of Babylon and Nippur. This clay tablet is a copy which was made between 700-650 BCE, of an earlier composition...
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