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Mesopotamian Literature
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Mesopotamian Literature - The Earliest Works of the Imagination

Ancient Mesopotamian literature developed circa 2600 BCE after scribes, who had formerly been record-keepers, began composing original works in the region of Sumer. The Sumerians invented writing circa 3600/3500 BCE, refined the script circa...
Medes
Definition by Nathalie Choubineh

Medes

The Medes or Medians were a group of Indo-Iranian-speaking people from central Asia who migrated westwards and entered northern Iran around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. They settled in the highlands of Zagros (Zagreus in Greek) and...
Tukulti-Ninurta I
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Tukulti-Ninurta I

Tukulti-Ninurta I (reigned 1244-1208 BCE) was a king of the Assyrian Empire during the period known as the Middle Empire. He was the son of Shalmaneser I (reigned 1274-1245 BCE) who had completed the work of his father, Adad Nirari I, in...
Ninurta
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Ninurta

Ninurta (identified with Ningirsu, Pabilsag, and the biblical Nimrod) is the Sumerian and Akkadian hero-god of war, hunting, and the south wind. He first appears in texts in the early 3rd millennium BCE as an agricultural god and local deity...
Assyrian reliefs
Article by Trustees of the British Museum

Assyrian reliefs

Mostly dating from the period 880-612 BCE, these carved scenes are found on free-standing stelae and as panels cut on cliffs and rocks at distant places reached by the Assyrian kings during their campaigns. The most spectacular use of stone...
Winning Against the Odds: Sargon II & the Urartu Campaign
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Winning Against the Odds: Sargon II & the Urartu Campaign

It is often when one is faced with the most difficult circumstances that one is given the greatest opportunity for clarity. History provides ample evidence of this experience in showing how, when faced with seemingly impossible situations...
Tiglath Pileser I
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Tiglath Pileser I

Tiglath Pileser I (reigned 1115-1076 BCE), an Assyrian king of the period known as the Middle Empire, revitalized the economy and the military that had been suffering, more or less, since the death of the king Tukulti Ninurta I (1244-1208...
Neo-Hittite Inscription
Image by Carole Raddato

Neo-Hittite Inscription

Neo-Hittite inscription with Luwian hieroglyphs dating back to the 8th century BCE. It is located near Acıgöl in the Nevşehir province in Turkey. It consists of eight lines and commemorates the political and military achievements of King...
Elam
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Elam - The Ancient High Country

Elam was a region in the Near East corresponding to the modern-day provinces of Ilam and Khuzestan in southern Iran (though it also included part of modern-day southern Iraq) whose civilization spanned thousands of years from circa 3200 to...
Assyrian Soldiers Holding Decapitated Heads of Nubian Soldiers
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Assyrian Soldiers Holding Decapitated Heads of Nubian Soldiers

Detail of a large gypsum wall panel, depicting the Assyrian attack on a fortress at the Egyptian city of Memphis in 667 BCE, Panel 17, Room M of the North Palace at Nineveh, Northern Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq, Neo-Assyrian Empire, 645-635...
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