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Between 1107 and 1254, ten crowned European monarchs personally led or joined major Crusades to the Holy Land. Their participation gave crusading...

A bronze tablet dedicated to Sextus Pompeius Maximus, chief priest of the cult of Mithras and president of a guild of ferrymen. The tablet was given by fellow priests of Mithras. Above the text are a bust...

Memorial dedicated to Titus Flavius Fruendus by his heirs. Titus Flavius Fruendus and his three heirs were frumentarii (literally, corn-officers) in the 8th and 22nd legions. They served on detached duty...

Tombstone of a sailor in the Roman fleet at Misenum, raised by his wife Valeria Primilia. It records that he was Italian born (Roman citizen) and that he died at the age of 35 after having served in the navy for...

The Periplus of the Euxine Sea (Circumnavigation of the Black Sea) is a description of trade routes along the shores of the Black Sea written by Arrian of Nicomedia (Lucius Flavius Arrianus), a historian and philosopher...

The Christianization of Iceland was a smooth transition compared to other Scandinavian countries. While in Norway, Denmark, or Sweden, royal authority played a crucial role in conversion, in Iceland, it was a parliamentary...

George Blaurock (l. c. 1491-1529) was one of the three founders of the Swiss Brethren (known by their opponents as Anabaptists) along with Conrad Grebel (l. c. 1498-1526) and Felix Manz (l. c. 1498-1527). His Origin...

Just as in other ancient civilizations, the first banks in Rome began in the temples consecrated to the ancient Gods. Many temples held in their basements the Romans' money and treasure, and were involved in banking activities...

Religion in the Middle Ages, though dominated by the Catholic Church, was far more varied than only orthodox Christianity. In the Early Middle Ages (c. 476-1000), long-established pagan beliefs and practices entwined...

Martin Luther's speech at the Diet of Worms (also known as the Here I Stand Speech) is considered one of the greatest pieces of oratory in world history. It was given in response to the council's questions on whether...