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Battle of Monmouth
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Battle of Monmouth

The Battle of Monmouth (28 June 1778), or the Battle of Monmouth Court House, was the last battle of the Philadelphia Campaign during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). After abandoning control of Philadelphia, the British army under...
First-Wave / Earliest Civilizations
Image by Simeon Netchev

First-Wave / Earliest Civilizations

A map illustrating the earliest stages of human civilization spanning from c. 8000 BCE to 2000 BCE. It showcases the emergence of organized societies, agricultural practices, and the origins of urbanization.
The Megalithic Funerary Art of San Agustín
Article by Benjamin Oswald

The Megalithic Funerary Art of San Agustín

Beginning approximately 2000 years ago, in a rugged stretch of southwestern Colombia where the Andes split into multiple ranges and the mighty Magdalena River is born, a people created a collection of magnificent ritual and burial monuments...
Chief Joseph (Eastman's Biography)
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Chief Joseph (Eastman's Biography)

Chief Joseph (Heinmot Tooyalakekt, l. 1840-1904) was the leader of the Wallowa band of the Nez Perce Native American nation, who, in 1877, resisted forced relocation from his ancestral lands in the Wallowa Valley of northeastern Oregon and...
Conway Cabal
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Conway Cabal

The Conway Cabal was a movement undertaken by American military officers and political leaders to remove General George Washington from command of the Continental Army during the winter of 1777-78. These Patriot leaders had lost confidence...
A Gallery of Ancient Walls from Around the World
Image Gallery by Joshua J. Mark

A Gallery of Ancient Walls from Around the World

Walls in the ancient world were built around cities or territories for defense but also served many other purposes, such as enclosing temples, surrounding palaces, enclosing tombs, providing people with homes, and encircling sports venues...
A Gallery of Religious Festivals from Around the World
Collection by Joshua J. Mark

A Gallery of Religious Festivals from Around the World

Religious festivals have featured as a central aspect of civilization for thousands of years, the earliest thought to be celebrations of the New Year and the concept of rebirth and new beginnings that accompanied it. The first such festival...
Thutmose III's Battle of Megiddo Inscription
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Thutmose III's Battle of Megiddo Inscription

The Battle of Megiddo (c. 1457 BCE) is one of the most famous military engagements in history in which Thutmose III (1458-1425 BCE) of Egypt defeated the coalition of subject regions led in rebellion by the kings of Kadesh and Megiddo. The...
Battle of the Ruhr
Article by Mark Cartwright

Battle of the Ruhr

The Battle of the Ruhr or the Ruhr Air Offensive (March-July 1943) was a sustained bombing campaign by the British and the United States air forces against the industrial heartland of Germany during the Second World War (1939-45). The offensive...
Mesopotamian Art and Architecture
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Mesopotamian Art and Architecture

Ancient Mesopotamian art and architectural works are among the oldest in the world, dating back over 7,000 years. The works first appear in northern Mesopotamia prior to the Ubaid Period (c. 5000-4100 BCE) and then developed in the south...
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