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Mesopotamian Art and Architecture
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Mesopotamian Art and Architecture - The Birth of Art and Architecture in the Ancient World

Ancient Mesopotamian art and architectural works are among the oldest in the world, dating back over 7,000 years. The works first appear in northern Mesopotamia prior to the Ubaid period (circa 6500-4000 BCE) and then developed in the south...
Nisaba
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Nisaba

Nisaba (also Naga, Se-Naga, Nissaba, Nidaba, and associated with Nanibgal) is the Sumerian goddess of writing, accounts, and scribe of the gods. Although her name is commonly given as Nidaba, noted scholar Jeremy Black points out that "the...
Sumerian Language
Definition by Jason Moser

Sumerian Language

The Sumerian language was spoken in southern Mesopotamia before the 2nd millennium BCE and was the first language to be written in the cuneiform script. It is an isolate language meaning we know of no other languages that relate to it ancestrally...
The Mesopotamian Pantheon
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Mesopotamian Pantheon - The Ancient Gods and Goddesses of the Near East

The gods of the Mesopotamian region were not uniform in name, power, provenance or status in the hierarchy. Mesopotamian culture varied from region to region and, because of this, Marduk should not be regarded as King of the Gods in the same...
A Brief History of Veterinary Medicine
Article by Joshua J. Mark

A Brief History of Veterinary Medicine

The English word 'veterinarian' as defining one who provides medical care to animals, comes from the Latin verb veheri meaning “to draw” (as in "pull") and was first applied to those who cared for “any animal that works with a yoke” – cattle...
Votive Mace Head of Ur-Ningirsu II from Girsu
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Votive Mace Head of Ur-Ningirsu II from Girsu

This grey stone mace head was inscribed with a cuneiform text. The text says that this mace head was dedicated to the god Ningirsu by Ur-Ningirsu II (son of Gudea, ruler of Lagash). From Girsu, Sothern Mesopotamia, modern-day Iraq. Circa...
Statue of Ur-ningirsu
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Statue of Ur-ningirsu

The cuneiform inscriptions on the back of this small diorite statue (height 18 cm) read, "Dedicated to the god Ningizzida, his god, by Ur-ningirsu, priest-prince of Lagash, son of Gudea, priest-prince of Lagash." This bearded man is Ur-ningirsu...
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