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The First Anglo-Boer War (1880-1881) emerged from growing tensions following the British annexation of the South African Republic (Transvaal) in 1877 during the reign of Victoria (reign 1837-1901). The conflict reflected broader themes of...

The bones of a hand with a ring on one finger, viewed through x-ray. Photoprint from radiograph by W. K. Röntgen, 1895. Wellcome Collection.

House of Col. Johannes Hardenbergh, 1903. Hardenbergh was the master and owner of Sojourner Truth (known as Isabella Bomefree until she changed her name in 1843) from her birth on his land c. 1797 until his death in 1806. Illustration from...

Julius Caesar was deified after his death and a comet appearing at this time was seen as a manifestation of his spirit. Octavian (later Emperor Augustus), used his coinage to emphasize his relationship to Caesar, his adoptive father, describing...

Lettres et opuscules de feu Monsr. Brousson, ministre & martyr du St. Evangile : avec un abrege de sa vie... by Claude Brousson (1647-1698), G. Vande Water (Utrecht), 1701. National Library of France, Paris.

An image of the wine pithos at Tel Kabri's Area D-West in situ during the 2013 excavation. The pithos were excavated out after the photo and this storage room is now covered over for conservation purposes. For purposes of the excavation...

This coin, naming the ruler Commius, is probably the earliest evidence of writing in Britain. His name appears in its Celtic form, "COMMIOS". Later coins, such as those of his son Tincomarus, have inscriptions written in Latin. Gold coin...

Mesopotamia (from the Greek, meaning "between two rivers") was an ancient region located in the Near East (Middle East) bounded in the northeast by the Zagros Mountains and in the southeast by the Arabian Plateau, corresponding to modern-day...

The Sumerians were the people of southern Mesopotamia (modern-day southern Iraq) whose civilization flourished between circa 4000 and 1750 BCE. Their name comes from the region, which is frequently – and incorrectly – referred to as a "country."...

Civilization (from the Latin civis=citizen and civitas=city) is a term applied to any society which has developed a writing system, government, production of surplus food, division of labor, and urbanization. The term is difficult to define...