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Claudius
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Claudius - The Unlikely Roman Emperor

Claudius (10 BCE to 54 CE) was the fourth Roman emperor, who reigned from 41 to 54 CE. Though a member of the imperial Julio-Claudian Dynasty, his rise to power had always seemed unlikely. Indeed, for much of his life, he had been ostracized...
Claudius Gothicus (Artistic Facial Reconstruction)
Image by Daniel Voshart

Claudius Gothicus (Artistic Facial Reconstruction)

A photorealistic representation of what the Roman emperor Claudius II Gothicus (r. 268-270 CE) may have looked like. Based on contemporary and near contemporary descriptions, as well as archaeological evidence. Pictured alongside the reconstruction...
Valeria Messalina
Definition by Donald L. Wasson

Valeria Messalina

She was about 15 and beautiful, while he was over 50 and the future emperor of the Roman Empire. In 38 CE (dates vary) Tiberius Claudius Caesar Augustus —known to history as Claudius— married his second cousin, Valeria Messalina. This was...
Agrippina the Younger
Definition by Giacomo Presciuttini

Agrippina the Younger

Julia Agrippina or Agrippina the Younger (6 November 15 - 19/23 March 59 CE) was a prominent woman during the early Roman Empire, niece to Tiberius (r. 14-37 CE) and Claudius (41-54 CE), whom she married, sister of Caligula (r. 37-41 CE...
Britannicus
Definition by Donald L. Wasson

Britannicus

Britannicus (41-55 CE) was the second child and only son born to the Roman emperor Claudius (r. 41-54 CE) and Valeria Messalina (c. 20-48 CE). Seen as a threat by Claudius' fourth wife, Agrippina the Younger (15-59 CE), and her son, the future...
Marcus Claudius Marcellus
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Marcus Claudius Marcellus

Marcus Claudius Marcellus (c. 270-208 BCE) was a five-time consul and, earning the nickname the 'Sword of Rome', he was one of the city's greatest military commanders. Active in both the First and Second Punic Wars, he also won honours for...
Claudius Ptolemy
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Claudius Ptolemy

Claudius Ptolemy (c. 100 to c. 170 CE) was an Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, and geographer. His works survived antiquity and the Middle Ages intact, and his theories, particularly on a geocentric model of the universe with planets...
The Barracks Emperors
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

The Barracks Emperors - Instability of Populist Rule

The "barracks emperors" is a term coined by later historians referring to the Roman emperors who were chosen and supported by the army during the period known as the Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the Imperial Crisis, 235-284...
Visual Chronology of Roman Emperors: Augustus to Constantine
Article by Mark Cartwright

Visual Chronology of Roman Emperors: Augustus to Constantine

The Julio-Claudian Dynasty Augustus 16 Jan 27 BCE - 19 Aug 14 CE Tiberius 18 Sep 14 CE - 16 Mar 37 CE Caligula 18 Mar 37 CE - 24 Jan 41 CE Claudius 25 Jan 41 CE - 13 Oct 54 CE Nero 13 Oct 54 CE - 11 Jun 68 CE Galba 8 Jun 68 CE -...
The Crisis of the Third Century
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

The Crisis of the Third Century - A Pivotal Era of Ancient Rome

The Crisis of the Third Century (also known as the Imperial Crisis, 235-284) was the period in the history of the Roman Empire during which it splintered into three separate political entities: the Gallic Empire, the Roman Empire, and the...
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