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Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Image by Jakob Seisenegger

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

A 1532 portrait by Jakob Seisenegger of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1519-56) with his dog. (Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna)
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Image by Barthel Berham

Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor

Portrait of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (1500-1558), line engraving on paper by Barthel Berham. Scottish National Portrait Gallery, Edinburgh.
Portrait of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
Image by Jean-Marc Nattier

Portrait of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor

Portrait of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (l. 1747-92), wearing a field marshal's uniform. Painted in the workshop of Jean-Marc Nattier, c. 1790.
Sixth Crusade
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Sixth Crusade

The Sixth Crusade (1228-1229 CE), which for many historians was merely the delayed final chapter of the unsuccessful Fifth Crusade (1217-1221 CE), finally saw the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (r. 1220-1250 CE) arrive with his army in the...
Ghosts in the Middle Ages
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ghosts in the Middle Ages

The medieval Church informed the people's religious imagination during the Middle Ages (c. 476-1500) and the world was therefore interpreted - even by heterodox Christians - through the Church's lens. Ghosts – referred to as revenants – were...
Holy Cross Cathedral, Uzhhorod
Image by Ekaterina Polischuk

Holy Cross Cathedral, Uzhhorod

The Holy Cross Cathedral is the main Greek Catholic church of Uzhhorod, Ukraine and is the residence of the Mukachevo bishops. The cathedral was founded in 1640. The exterior of the cathedral is done in the neoclassical style.
The Printing Press & the Protestant Reformation
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Printing Press & the Protestant Reformation

The printing press, credited to the German inventor and printer Johannes Gutenberg (l. c. 1398-1468) in the 1450s, became the single most important factor in the success of the Protestant Reformation by providing the means for widespread...
Byzantine Empire
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Byzantine Empire

The Byzantine Empire existed from 330 to 1453. It is often called the Eastern Roman Empire or simply Byzantium. The Byzantine capital was founded at Constantinople by Constantine I (r. 306-337). The Byzantine Empire varied in size over the...
John Robinson
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

John Robinson

John Robinson (l. 1576-1625 CE) was the pastor of the Leiden congregation of separatists, some of whom made up the party (later known as pilgrims) who sailed on the Mayflower in 1620 CE to establish the Plymouth Colony in North America. Robinson...
Kingdom of Jerusalem
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Kingdom of Jerusalem

The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a state created in 1099 CE by Crusaders and western settlers after the First Crusade (1095-1102 CE). With Jerusalem as its capital, the kingdom was the most important of the four Crusader States in the Middle...
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