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Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor, As a Young Man
Portrait of Emperor Leopold I as a young man, wearing the Order of the Golden Fleece, oil on canvas by Benjamin Block, 1631-1689. Private collection. This portrait of the young monarch is rare as it depicts...
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Portrait of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor
Portrait of Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (l. 1747-92), wearing a field marshal's uniform. Painted in the workshop of Jean-Marc Nattier, c. 1790.
Definition
Sixth Crusade
The Sixth Crusade (1228-1229 CE), which for many historians was merely the delayed final chapter of the unsuccessful Fifth Crusade (1217-1221 CE), finally saw the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (r. 1220-1250 CE) arrive with his...
Definition
Kappel Wars
The Kappel Wars (also known as the Wars of Kappel) were armed conflicts between Protestants and Catholics in Switzerland during the Swiss Reformation. The First Kappel War ended before it began in 1529, while the second, in 1531...
Definition
Philip Melanchthon
Philip Melanchthon (l. 1497-1560) was a German scholar and theologian who provided the intellectual rationale and systematized theology for the reformed vision of Christianity of his friend Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546). He was...
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Holy Cross Cathedral, Uzhhorod
The Holy Cross Cathedral is the main Greek Catholic church of Uzhhorod, Ukraine and is the residence of the Mukachevo bishops. The cathedral was founded in 1640. The exterior of the cathedral is done in the neoclassical...
Definition
Kingdom of Jerusalem
The Kingdom of Jerusalem was a state created in 1099 CE by Crusaders and western settlers after the First Crusade (1095-1102 CE). With Jerusalem as its capital, the kingdom was the most important of the four Crusader States...
Definition
Huldrych Zwingli
Huldrych Zwingli (l. 1484-1531) was a Swiss priest who became the leader of the Protestant Reformation in the region at the same time Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) was active in Germany. Zwingli is known as the 'third man of the...
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Ghosts in the Middle Ages
The medieval Church informed the people's religious imagination during the Middle Ages (c. 476-1500) and the world was therefore interpreted - even by heterodox Christians - through the Church's lens. Ghosts – referred...
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Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor
Part of Votive Panel of Jan Očko of Vlašim depicting Charles IV.
Tempera on limewood, before 1371.
National Museum, Prague.