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The Printing Press & the Protestant Reformation
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Printing Press & the Protestant Reformation

The printing press, credited to the German inventor and printer Johannes Gutenberg (l. c. 1398-1468) in the 1450s, became the single most important factor in the success of the Protestant Reformation by providing the means for widespread...
Luther's Speech at the Diet of Worms
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Luther's Speech at the Diet of Worms

Martin Luther's speech at the Diet of Worms (also known as the Here I Stand Speech) is considered one of the greatest pieces of oratory in world history. It was given in response to the council's questions on whether Luther would stand by...
John Robinson
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

John Robinson

John Robinson (l. 1576-1625 CE) was the pastor of the Leiden congregation of separatists, some of whom made up the party (later known as pilgrims) who sailed on the Mayflower in 1620 CE to establish the Plymouth Colony in North America. Robinson...
Orleans Cathedral
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Orleans Cathedral

The Cathedral of the Holy Cross (Sainte-Croix) of Orleans in the Centre-Val de Loire region of France, was first built in the 13th century CE on the site of a series of older churches dating back to the 4th century CE. The cathedral, which...
Knights of the Round Table Begin Search for the Holy Grail
Image by Boston Public Library

Knights of the Round Table Begin Search for the Holy Grail

"Knights of the Round Table Set Forth on the Search for the Holy Grail" was painted c. 1893-1905 CE. The painting depicts the legendary King Arthur's knights of the Round Table embarking on their quest to recover the Holy Grail. It is part...
First Crusade
Definition by Mark Cartwright

First Crusade

The First Crusade (1095-1102) was a military campaign by western European forces to recapture the city of Jerusalem and the Holy Land from Muslim control. Conceived by Pope Urban II following an appeal from the Byzantine emperor Alexios I...
The Differences Between Byzantine & Armenian Christianity
Article by Michael Goodyear

The Differences Between Byzantine & Armenian Christianity

Although both the Byzantines and the Armenians were Christian, the types of Christianity they professed had important differences that led to a lack of recognition and tensions between the two groups and a considerable part of their relationship...
Altarpiece of the Holy Blood, Rothenburg
Image by Berthold Werner

Altarpiece of the Holy Blood, Rothenburg

The Altarpiece of the Holy Blood in the church of Saint Jacob, Rothenburg, Germany. Made of glazed limewood by Tilman Riemenschneider (c. 1460-1531), it was completed by 1505. It shows the Last Supper in the central panel while the left...
Detail of a Holy Shroud from Georgia
Image by James Blake Wiener

Detail of a Holy Shroud from Georgia

Made of silk fabric, gold and silver thread, gold and silk twine, as well as colored silks, this holy shroud or "epitaphios" comes from the Sachkhere, which is located in western Georgia, and dates from the 14th century CE. A donor-renovator's...
The Elizabethan Religious Settlement
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Elizabethan Religious Settlement

The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was a collection of laws and decisions concerning religious practices introduced between 1558-63 CE by Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603 CE). The settlement continued the English Reformation which had...
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