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Medes
Definition by Nathalie Choubineh

Medes

The Medes or Medians were a group of Indo-Iranian-speaking people from central Asia who migrated westwards and entered northern Iran around the end of the 2nd millennium BCE. They settled in the highlands of Zagros (Zagreus in Greek) and...
Mesopotamian Government
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Mesopotamian Government - Helping and Serving the Gods

Ancient Mesopotamian government was based on the understanding that human beings were created to help and serve the gods. The high priest, king, assembly of elders, governors, and any other officials were recognized as stewards chosen by...
Roman military amphitheatre
Image by Carole Raddato

Roman military amphitheatre

The military amphitheatre of Burnum Legionary Camp in Dalmatia (modern-day Croatia). It was completed in 76-77 CE under Vespasian. The legionary camp was erected at the turn of the new era at a strategically important position from which...
Mesopotamian Warfare
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Mesopotamian Warfare - Early Development of Armed Conflict

Ancient Mesopotamian warfare progressed from companies of a city's militia in Sumer to the professional standing armies of Akkad, Babylon, Assyria, and Persia, and from conflicts over land or water rights to wars of conquest and political...
Military Map of the Course of the Sambre
Image by Léopold Denis

Military Map of the Course of the Sambre - Campaigns and Army Positions, 1792 to 1794

This military map of the Sambre River in Northern France and Wallonia, Belgium illustrates key strategic movements and battlefield positions from 1792 to 1794, with particular emphasis on the campaigns of 1793 and 1794. It offers a detailed...
Sammu-Ramat and Semiramis: The Inspiration and the Myth
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Sammu-Ramat and Semiramis: The Inspiration and the Myth

Sammu-Ramat (r. 811-806 BCE) was the queen regent of the Assyrian Empire who held the throne for her young son Adad Nirari III (r. 811-783 BCE) until he reached maturity. She is also known as Shammuramat, Sammuramat, and, most notably, as...
Bronze Roman Military Diploma
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Bronze Roman Military Diploma

This official military discharge comprising 2 inscribed bronze plates was a copy of a master held in Rome. It was issued by the Emperor Trajan to Reburrus, a Spanish junior officer (decurion) in the 1st Pannonian cavalry regoiment. The certificate...
The Military Crusader Orders, 11-13 Century
Image by Simeon Netchev

The Military Crusader Orders, 11-13 Century

An infographic showing the Military Crusader Orders which emerged as unique institutions blending monastic devotion with martial duty. Founded in the wake of the First Crusade (1096–1099), their primary purpose was to protect pilgrims and...
Mesopotamian Literature
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Mesopotamian Literature - The Earliest Works of the Imagination

Ancient Mesopotamian literature developed circa 2600 BCE after scribes, who had formerly been record-keepers, began composing original works in the region of Sumer. The Sumerians invented writing circa 3600/3500 BCE, refined the script circa...
Statue of a Military Commander from Hatra
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Statue of a Military Commander from Hatra

This is a limestone statue of a high-ranking military commander of the army. He wears his military uniform and holds in both hands what appears to be a statue of a deity. His name is unidentified. It was found in the 4th temple at Hatra...
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