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How Alexander Fleming Discovered Penicillin
Video by People Who Changed the World

How Alexander Fleming Discovered Penicillin

Alexander Fleming was a Scottish doctor and microbiologist who discovered the world’s first effective antibiotic: penicillin. This discovery revolutionized medicine, and has been described as the single greatest victory ever achieved over...
Alexander the Great and Bucephalus
Image by Franco R. Batista Garcia

Alexander the Great and Bucephalus

Alexander the Great on Bucephalus, bronze equestrian monument by Evangelos Moustakas, photograph by Franco R. Batista Garcia, Thessaloniki, 10 September 2025. Following the assassination of Philip II of Macedon in October 336 BCE, his son...
Alexandria, Egypt
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Alexandria, Egypt

Alexandria is a port city on the Mediterranean Sea in northern Egypt founded in 331 BCE by Alexander the Great. It was the site of the Pharos (lighthouse), one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, and the legendary Library of Alexandria...
Colossal Statues of Philip II and Alexander III in Skopje
Image by Nathalie Choubineh

Colossal Statues of Philip II and Alexander III in Skopje

Colossal statues of Philip II of Macedon (r. 359-336 BCE) and Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 BCE) in Skopje. The Skopje 2014 (2010-2014) was a project involving the construction of 136 monumental buildings, bridges, statues, and fountains...
Alexander the Great
Image by Carole Raddato

Alexander the Great

Marble head of Alexander the Great, found in the Kerameikos in Athens, c. 300 BCE. Alexander wears the lion’s pelt, a common iconographic feature in depictions of the young king on coins, which hints at his descent from the mythical hero...
Portraits of Alexander and a Youth (Hephaestion?)
Image by Caroline Cervera

Portraits of Alexander and a Youth (Hephaestion?)

Marble portraits of Alexander the Great and a youth, perhaps Hephaestion, Alexander's closest companion, c. 325-320 BCE. One of the earliest surviving portraits of Alexander. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, on loan from the J. Paul...
Statuette of Alexander the Great
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Statuette of Alexander the Great

This statuette once stood as a votive in the ritual chamber of the "Holy House" in Priene (Ionia Region, Turkey). The features of the statuette, as well as attributes like the flowing hair and emotional gaze, are strongly reminiscent of Alexander...
The Hypaspists in Ancient Sources
Article by Mark Passehl

The Hypaspists in Ancient Sources

Hypaspist translitterates the Greek term meaning shield-bearer, or armour-bearer (ὁ ὑπασπιστής). This noun is formed from the verb ὑπασπίζειν - to carry the shield for another; serve as a shieldbearer. The Shieldbearers of the Argead kings...
January Uprising of 1863
Definition by Reha Mert

January Uprising of 1863 - Polish Rebellion Against Russian Rule in Poland

The January Uprising of 1863 was a conflict between Tsarist Russia and Polish insurgents striving for independence. The uprising continued until October 1864, when it was suppressed by the Russian forces, effectively erasing the already limited...
Tetradrachm Minted during the Reign of Alexander I of Macedon
Image by CNG Coins

Tetradrachm Minted during the Reign of Alexander I of Macedon

Silver tetradrachm, struck circa 480-470 BCE. Classical Numismatic Group, Inc. http://www.cngcoins.com
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