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African Americans in the American Revolution
Article by Harrison W. Mark

African Americans in the American Revolution

On the eve of the American Revolution (1765-1789), the Thirteen Colonies had a population of roughly 2.1 million people. Around 500,000 of these were African Americans, of whom approximately 450,000 were enslaved. Comprising such a large...
Scourged African American Slave
Image by Matthew Brady

Scourged African American Slave

Escaped slave Gordon, also known as "Whipped Peter," formerly enslaved on a cotton plantation along the Atchafalaya River, showing his scarred back at a medical examination, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. After the whipping, his wounds were salted...
Great African Kingdoms
Collection by Joshua J. Mark

Great African Kingdoms

This collection presents a small sampling of the many great African kingdoms that rose and fell from the ancient period when Punt traded with Egypt up through the common era. Each kingdom developed a distinct culture and corresponding art...
American Invasion of Quebec
Article by Harrison W. Mark

American Invasion of Quebec

The American invasion of Quebec (September 1775-June 1776) was a military campaign undertaken during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). Hoping to induce the Province of Quebec to join the rebellion, the Second Continental Congress...
African Slave Life in Colonial British America
Article by Joshua J. Mark

African Slave Life in Colonial British America

African slave life in Colonial British America was far worse than slavery practiced in the Americas prior to the arrival of Europeans. The indigenous tribes took people as slaves in raids, enslaved those convicted of crimes, and traded slaves...
Interview: The First Black Archaeologist: A Life of John Wesley Gilbert by John Lee
Interview by Kelly Macquire

Interview: The First Black Archaeologist: A Life of John Wesley Gilbert by John Lee

John Lee joins World History Encyclopedia to tell us all about his new book, The First Black Archaeologist: A Life of John Wesley Gilbert. Kelly (WHE): Thank you so much for joining me! Let us start by talking about what the book is about...
American Revolutionary War
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

American Revolutionary War

The American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), or the American War of Independence, was a conflict between Great Britain and its 13 North American colonies, who declared independence as the United States of America. Initially a rebellion within...
Causes of the American Revolution
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Causes of the American Revolution

The American Revolution (c. 1765-1789) was a definitive event in Western history that saw the emergence of the United States and helped spawn additional waves of revolutions and societal upheavals on both sides of the Atlantic. Though the...
French Involvement in the American Revolution
Article by Harrison W. Mark

French Involvement in the American Revolution

The involvement of France in the American War of Independence (1775-1783) was not only significant in the progress of the war itself but also as a critical moment for France. Whereas French intervention in the war would help turn the tide...
American Revolution
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

American Revolution

The American Revolution (1765-1789) was a period of political upheaval in the Thirteen Colonies of British North America. Initially a protest over parliamentary taxes, it blossomed into a rebellion and led, ultimately, to the birth of the...
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