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The New England Town Meeting in the Early United States
Video

The New England Town Meeting in the Early United States

The Town Meeting was a unique form of local participation in government that became popular in New England. This video goes into detail as to how this phenomenon developed, its limitations, and...
Second Continental Congress
Definition

Second Continental Congress

The Second Continental Congress was the body of delegates that governed the Thirteen Colonies and, later, the United States during the American Revolutionary War. Between its first session in May 1775 and its disbandment...
Robert Guiscard
Definition

Robert Guiscard

Robert Guiscard (1015-1085) was a Norman knight best known for conquering much of Southern Italy and Sicily during the 11th century. His many exploits include the expulsion of the Byzantines from Italy, support of a reformist...
Fourteenth Amendment
Definition

Fourteenth Amendment - Defining Birthright Citizenship

The Fourteenth Amendment is one of the most important and consequential additions to the United States Constitution. Ratified in 1868, it defines American citizenship as belonging to "all persons...
Quasi-War
Definition

Quasi-War

The Quasi-War (1798-1800) or 'Half War' was a limited, undeclared naval conflict fought between the United States and the First French Republic. Hostilities arose when French privateers began attacking neutral American shipping, resulting...
XYZ Affair
Definition

XYZ Affair

The XYZ Affair was a diplomatic incident that occurred in 1797-98, involving diplomats from the United States and Revolutionary France. Amidst rising tensions between the two nations, President John Adams sent envoys to Paris to negotiate...
Britain and the Suez Canal
Article

Britain and the Suez Canal - 75 Years of Colonialism & Crisis

The Suez Canal in Egypt, which links the Mediterranean to the Red Sea, was taken over by the British in 1882 and was only reluctantly released 75 years later. The seizure in the 19th century...
Islamic Caliphates
Definition

Islamic Caliphates

Caliphate (“Khilafat” in Arabic) was a semi-religious political system of governance in Islam, in which the territories of the Islamic empire in the Middle East and North Africa and the people within were ruled by a supreme...
Homestead Act
Definition

Homestead Act - Settling the American West

The Homestead Act was a policy enacted by the United States government on 20 May 1862 to encourage westward expansion. Passed during the American Civil War (1861-1865), the act offered 160 acres (65 ha) of...
Alien and Sedition Acts
Definition

Alien and Sedition Acts

The Alien and Sedition Acts were four laws passed by President John Adams and the Federalist-controlled Congress in 1798 that restricted immigration and free speech in the United States. Framed by the Federalist Party as...
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