Tsardom of russia: Did you mean...?

The long-term goal of the Bolsheviks, who took power by force in Russia in November 1917, was a fairer society where workers and peasants were not exploited by wealthy capitalists. The more immediate consequences...

The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (1863-1914) in the Balkans in the summer of 1914 set off a chain of events that led to the First World War (1914-18). For over a decade before, imperialistic...

The alliance system in Europe was one of the causes of the First World War (1914-18), although it did not make war inevitable. In the first decade of the 20th century, the Triple Entente powers...

The Bolshevik Revolution occurred on 7 November 1917 (old calendar 25 October) and established a new republic: Soviet Russia. The Bolsheviks were radical socialists led by Vladimir Lenin...

The ivory throne of Tsar Ivan IV The Terrible of Russia (r. 1547-1584). Kremlin Museums, Moscow.

Portrait of Peter I of Russia, oil on canvas by Maria Giovanna Clementi (1690-1761).

Ivan III, Grand Duke of Moscow (r. 1462-1505), picture from The Tsar's Titular, 1672. Scanned from Russian book RUSSIA: Complete Encyclopedic Illustrated Reference Book, OLMA-PRESS, 2002.

Ivan III of Russia (Ivan the Great, r. 1462-1505), engraving published in H.F. Helmolt (ed.): History of the World. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1902. University of Texas Portrait Gallery.

Prince Józef Poniatowski (1763-1813) was a Polish soldier and patriot, who served as commander-in-chief of the Polish army during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). A steadfast ally of French Emperor Napoleon I (r. 1804-1814; 1815...

Khotyn fortress is a complex of fortifications situated on the hilly right bank of the Dniester in Khotyn, Ukraine. It consists of a 13th-century stronghold and an 18th-century bastion surrounding it. It is one of the oldest preserved...