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Louis XVI, the Girondins, & the Road to Revolutionary War (1791-92)
On 20 April 1792, King Louis XVI of France (r. 1774-1792) stood before the Legislative Assembly and, with a faltering voice, read a declaration of war against Austria, to the ecstatic delight of the gathered deputies. This declaration sealed...
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Henry Box Brown on Slavery in the United States
The Narrative of the Life of Henry Box Brown (1851) is the autobiography of Henry Box Brown (l. c. 1815-1897), who became the most famous fugitive slave of his time when he had himself shipped in a box from Richmond, Virginia, to Philadelphia...
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Protagoras's Paradox
The sophists in ancient Greece were a class of teachers who, for a fairly high fee, would instruct the affluent youth in politics, history, science, law, mathematics and rhetoric as well as the finer points of grammar and history. They professed...
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Reverend James Drummond MacGregor's Letter to a Clergyman - Urging Him to Set Free a Black Girl He Held in Slavery
James Drummond MacGregor (1759-1830) was a Presbyterian minister in Pictou, Nova Scotia, who became the first published abolitionist in Canada through his A Letter to a Clergyman Urging Him to Set Free a Black Girl He Held in Slavery (1788...
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Map of Europe at the Peace of Westphalia, 1648 - From the Thirty Years’ War to a New European Order
The Peace of Westphalia (1648), concluded through treaties signed at Osnabrück and Münster (May-October 1648), marked the end of two major conflicts: the Thirty Years’ War and the Eighty Years’ War. What began as a religious and dynastic...
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Battle of White Mountain 1620
A 1620 painting of the Battle of White Mountain of 1620, the decisive Imperial victory by Count Tilly ending the Bohemian Revolt, the first phase of the Thirty Years' War. (Bavarian Army Museum, Munich)
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General Albrecht von Wallenstein
A 1629 portrait of the mercenary General Albrecht von Wallenstein, leader of the Imperial forces during the Thirty Years' War. (Bayerische Staatsgemäldesammlungen, Munich)
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The Blessings of the Peace of Westphalia
A 1654 painting by Jacob Jordaens, 'The Blessings of the Peace of Westphalia'. The 1648 Peace of Westphalia ended the Thirty Years' War in Europe. (National Museum of Art, Norway)
Definition
Roman Religion
In many societies, ancient and modern, religion has performed a major role in their development, and the Roman Empire was no different. From the beginning Roman religion was polytheistic. From an initial array of gods and spirits, Rome added...
Definition
The Vedas
The Vedas are the religious texts which inform the religion of Hinduism (also known as Sanatan Dharma meaning “Eternal Order” or “Eternal Path”). The term veda means “knowledge” in that they are thought to contain the fundamental knowledge...