Sultanate of Rum: Did you mean...?

The Battle of Manzikert (Mantzikert) in ancient Armenia in August 1071 CE was one of the greatest defeats suffered by the Byzantine Empire. The victorious Seljuk army captured the Byzantine emperor Romanos IV Diogenes, and...

The Mongol Empire accepted and promoted many other cultures. Historians often talk about cultural exchange across Asia in the Mongol Empire as something that was just facilitated by peace and stability across such a huge...

A map showing the various Turkic principalities that emerged from the remains of the Sultanate of Rum. The territories shown approximately reflect the 14th Century CE.

Ibn Battuta ((Abū Abd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Abd Allāh Al-Lawātī, 1304–c. 1368 CE) was a traveler, jurist, and scholar from Tangier whose journeys across Afro-Eurasia...

The Timurid Empire under Timur (reign 1370–1405) emerged from the fragmented political world of the western Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia. Born near Kesh...

Razia Sultan riding a horse, painting by an unknown artist, c. 18th century. Razia Sultan was well known for her love of horseback riding from a young age. Here she is depicted in a similar way to Sultana Chand Bibi (1550-1600...

A gold coin of Muhammad Bin Tughluq, Sultan of the Delhi sultanate in India (r. 1325-1351).

A 19th century CE painting depicting the Knights Hospitaller defending Acre during the siege by the Mamluk Sultanate in 1291 CE.

The tomb of Feroz Shah Tughluq, Sultan of the Delhi sultanate (r. 1351-1388) in the Hauz Khas Complex, Delhi.

Razia Sultan, laquer-binding cover by unknown artist in Tulsi Das (1532-1623): Ramcharitmanas, India, c. 1830-1836. Holding a rose with one hand and a sword with another, the 13th-century ruler of the Delhi Sultanate, Razia...