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Map of the United States at the Outbreak of Civil War, 1861 - Slavery, Secession, and the 1860 Presidential Election
In early 1861, the United States faced an unprecedented constitutional crisis rooted in the expansion and protection of slavery. Abraham Lincoln’s...
Definition
Audiencia
An audiencia began as a judicial institution in medieval Spain, but in the 16th century, it was applied as the highest form of local government in key cities of the Spanish Empire. An audiencia had a panel of judges made responsible...
Article
The Delian League, Part 3: From the Thirty Years Peace to the Start of the Ten Years War (445/4–431/0 BCE)
This text is part of an article series on the Delian League. The third phase of the Delian League begins with the Thirty Years Peace between Athens and Sparta...
Definition
Mexican-American War
The Mexican-American War (1846-1848) was a conflict between the United States and Mexico, sparked by the US annexation of Texas in 1845. Hoping to seize even more territory from Mexico, US President James K. Polk (served 1845-1849...
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Map of the Spanish Colonial Empire
This map illustrates the rise and expansion of the Spanish Colonial Empire during the Age of Exploration, from the late 15th to the early 19th century. Emerging after the completion of the Reconquista in 1492 and...
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Map of the Route of The Spanish Armada, Jul-Sep 1588
A map illustrating the route and failing fortunes of the Spanish Armada (from Spanish - Grande y Felicísima Armada, “Great and Most Fortunate Fleet”) in 1588. A crucial part of a planned invasion of...
Article
The Delian League, Part 4: The Ten Years War (431/0-421/0 BCE)
This text is part of an article series on the Delian League. The fourth phase of the Delian League encompasses the first part of the Great Peloponnesian War, also referred to as the Ten Years...
Definition
François L'Olonais
François L'Olonais (also spelt L'Olonnais or L'Ollonais, c. 1630-1668), real name Jean-David Nau, was a French buccaneer and pirate who operated from Tortuga on Hispaniola. In 1667, he famously attacked Venezuela, then part...
Definition
War in Ancient Times
The word 'war' comes to English from the old High German language word Werran (to confuse or to cause confusion) through the Old English Werre (meaning the same), and is a state of open and usually declared armed conflict...
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Map of Spanish Main & West Indies c.1720 - Treasure Fleets and Imperial Competition in the 18th Century
During the 18th century, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico formed one of the most strategically contested regions of the Atlantic world. Initially dominated...