Russia: Did you mean...?

A map illustrating the rise and expansion of the Tsardom of Russia under the rule of Ivan IV Vasilyevich (commonly known as The Terrible, from the Russian “grozny“(грозный), Fearsome or Awe-inspiring). Originally a Grand Prince of Moscow...

A 1780s oil-on-canvas portrait by Alexander Roslin of Empress Catherine II of Russia (1729-96). Catherine was formally crowned empress regent on 22 September 1762 and this portrait endorses her royal status, perhaps a welcome endorsement...

Emperor Alexander I of Russia (r. 1801-1825), oil on canvas portrait by George Dawe, c. 1818-1825. British Royal Collection.

A 1922 painting by Ivan Vladimirov (1870-1947) showing the government requsitioning of grain during the Russian Civil War. This policy and the consequent peasant unrest was one of the reasons the Soviet government adopted Lenin's New Economic...

A photograph taken on 15 December 1917 showing German and Russian delegations signing the armistice to end hostilities between the two nations during the First World War (1914-18). German Federal Archives, Koblenz.

The Russian Revolution of 1905 challenged the absolute power of Tsar Nicholas II (reign 1894-1917) as ruler of the Russian Empire. Bloody Sunday in 1905 started the year disastrously for the tsar when soldiers fired upon an unarmed crowd...

In eastern Europe, in the 17th Century CE a couple of "great powers" were coming into their own. The vast empire of Russia was modernizing under Peter the Great, and the relatively tiny state of Prussia was evolving as well. Russia (and Tsar...

There were many causes behind the Russian Revolution of 1917, ranging from the unpopular authoritarian rule of Tsar Nicholas II (reign 1894-1917) to the radical mobilisation of the working class, who wanted better working conditions and more...

Catherine the Great presided over a golden age of Russian expansion — but was she a dedicated ruler or a ruthless oppressor? – Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia for over three decades, used strategic dalliances, military might, and cutting-edge...

The Russian Civil War (1917-22) began shortly after the Bolshevik Revolution of November 1917. The Bolsheviks (the Reds) immediately found themselves in conflict with various opposition forces who disagreed with Bolshevik policies like abolishing...