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Edinburgh Castle
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Edinburgh Castle

Edinburgh Castle, towering atop Castle Rock, has served Scotland for centuries, at one time or another acting as a fortress, royal residence, seat of government, armoury, and prison. The scene of countless sieges, royal births and deaths...
Edward IV of England
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Edward IV of England

Edward IV of England ruled as king from 1461 to 1470 CE and again from 1471 to 1483 CE. The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453 CE) had been lost by Edward's predecessor, Henry VI of England (1422-1461 CE & 1470-1471 CE), leaving Calais as the...
Torture Rack, Tower of London
Image by David Bjorgen

Torture Rack, Tower of London

A model of a torture rack in the Tower of London. The rack was used to extract confessions and information by stretching the limbs and eventually ripping the tendons and sinews of the person tied to it. A famous example of its use was on...
The Tongue Tower, Temple of Nabu, Borsippa
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

The Tongue Tower, Temple of Nabu, Borsippa

The ziggurat, the "Tongue Tower," today one of the most vividly identifiable surviving ziggurats, is identified in the later Talmudic and Arabic culture with the Tower of Babel. However, modern scholarship concludes that the Sumero-Akkadian...
Chapel of St. John, Tower of London
Image by Doug Kerr

Chapel of St. John, Tower of London

The chapel of Saint John the Baptist in the White Tower of the Tower of London. The chapel was built in the late 11thc century CE.
Paikuli Tower
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Paikuli Tower

The tower lies on a hill near Barkal, a modern village south-west of Lake Darband-i-Khan, Sulaimaniya Governorate, Iraq. It was set up as a monument commemorating the victory of the Sassanian king Narseh over his nephew Warham III (Barham...
Roger Mortimer
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Roger Mortimer - The Most Traitorous Earl of Edward II's Court

Roger Mortimer, 1st Earl of March (1287-1330) was an English nobleman who deposed King Edward II of England (reign 1307-1327) and then established himself as the kingdom's de facto ruler. Though he had initially been loyal to the king, Mortimer...
Herod's Harbor
Article by Patrick Scott Smith, M. A.

Herod's Harbor

Herod's Harbor was a giant port built between 22 and 15 BCE by Herod the Great (r. 37-4 BCE), Rome's client king. Situated on the lower eastern Mediterranean coast north of Alexandria and south of Tyre, with Rome's largess and building skills...
Anne Boleyn in the Tower of London
Image by Edouard Cibot

Anne Boleyn in the Tower of London

A 19th century CE painting by Edouard Cibot showing Anne Boleyn (c. 1501-1536 CE), the second wife of Henry VIII of England (r. 1509-1547 CE) prior to her execution in 1536 CE in the Tower of London. (Musée Rolin, Autun, Burgundy, France)
Toilet, Tower of London
Image by Trevor Huxham

Toilet, Tower of London

A typical medieval toilet or garderobe. Tower of London. 11th century CE.
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