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Battle of Bosworth
At the Battle of Bosworth (aka Bosworth Field) in Leicestershire on 22 August 1485 CE, the Yorkist king Richard III of England (r. 1483-1485 CE) faced an invading army led by Henry Tudor, the figurehead of the Lancastrians. It was to be a...

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Richard Strauss
Richard Strauss (1864-1949) was a German conductor and composer of both innovative late-Romantic and Modernist music. He is best known for his symphonic poems and operas like Salome and Elektra, both of which caused a sensation. Strauss gained...

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Tomb of Richard I of England, Fontevraud Abbey
An effigy of Richard I of England (r. 1189 - 1199 CE), popularly known as Richard the Lionheart, from his tomb in Fontevraud Abbey in France.

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Effigy of Richard I of England
The effigy of Richard I of England (r. 1189-1199), also known as Richard the Lionheart (Cœur de Lion). Fontevraud Abbey, France.

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Tomb of Richard I's Heart, Rouen
A photo of a tomb in the Rouen Cathedral, containing the embalmed heart of Richard I of England (also known as Richard the Lionheart; r. 1189 - 1199 CE). In Rouen, France.

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Richard Grenville
Sir Richard Grenville (1542-1591 CE) was an Elizabethan adventurer, mariner, and privateer whose life story is as entertaining as any fictional sailor. His early career saw him become a Member of Parliament, a soldier in Hungary, and a plantation...

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Richard Wagner
Richard Wagner (1813-1883) was a German composer of Romantic music most famous for his epic operas like The Ring, Tannhäuser, and Tristan and Isolde. Wagner was concerned throughout his career with the theme of redemption through love and...

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Henry II & Richard I
A 13th century CE illustration of King Henry II of England (r. 1154-1189 CE) and Richard I of England the Lionheart (r. 1189-199 CE). (British Library)

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Arms of Richard I
The arms of Richard I, king of England from 1189 to 1999 CE, and Engish kings thereafter.

Definition
Wars of the Roses
The Wars of the Roses (1455-1487) was a dynastic conflict between the English nobility and monarchy which led to four decades of intermittent battles, executions, and murder plots. The English elite was split into two camps, each centred...