Richard I: Did you mean...?

The knights of medieval Europe were meant to be the finest fighting men of their age, even more important, they were expected to be pure in thought and deed, as exemplified in the chivalrous code which they (usually) followed. Here are the...

John Paul Jones (1747-1792) was a Scottish-born sailor who served in the Continental Navy during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). His raid on the English port town of Whitehaven in 1778 and his victory over the HMS Serapis the...

William I of Scotland, also known as 'William the Lion' after his heraldic emblem, reigned from 1165 to 1214 CE. Succeeding his elder brother Malcolm IV of Scotland (r. 1153-1165 CE), William was faced with a shrinking kingdom, but he harboured...

The Siege of Acre, located on the northern coast of Israel, was the first major battle of the Third Crusade (1189-1192 CE). The protracted siege by a mixed force of European armies against the Muslim garrison and nearby army of Saladin, the...

King John of England (aka John Lackland) ruled from 1199 to 1216 CE and he has gone down in history as one of the very worst of English kings, both for his character and his failures. He lost the Angevin-Plantagenet lands in France and so...

Richard III of England woos Lady Anne Neville in Act I Scene II of William Shakespeare's The Tragedy of Richard III (c. 1594), drawing by Herbert Railton, circa 1890. Folger Shakespeare Library.

"The Entry of Richard and Bolingbroke into London" by James Northcote ((1746–1831 CE). The painting depicts Henry IV of England (left; r. 1399-1413 CE) entering London with Richard II of England (right; r. 1377 - 1399 CE) as his captive...

Eleanor of Aquitaine (l. c. 1122-1204 CE) was one of the most impressive and powerful figures of the High Middle Ages (1000-1300 CE) – male or female – whose influence shaped the politics, art, medieval literature, and perception of women...

Poor Richard, 1739. An Almanack for the Year of Christ 1739, written by Benjamin Franklin under the pseudonym Richard Saunders, 1739. Library of Congress, Washington D.C.

Official coin of King Richard I Lionheart (reigned 1189-1199 CE), struck in 1195 CE in Issoudun (formerly Exoldunum). The obverse is inscribed RICARD'REX ("KING RICHARD"). The reverse reverse is inscribed EXOLDUNI ("FROM ISSOUDUN"). (British...