Philip II of France: Did you mean...?

A 14th century CE manuscript illustration showing Philip VI of France (r. 1328-1350 CE) presiding over the lawsuit of Robert III of Artois. (MS fr: 18437, National Library of France, Paris)

The Quasi-War (1798-1800) or 'Half War' was a limited, undeclared naval conflict fought between the United States and the First French Republic. Hostilities arose when French privateers began attacking neutral American shipping, resulting...

The pezhetairoi (foot companions) were part of the imposing army that accompanied the Macedonian commander Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 BCE) when he crossed the Hellespont to face the Persian king Darius III in 334 BCE. Armed with...

When Alexander the Great died in 323 BCE, he left behind an empire devoid of leadership. Without a named successor or heir, the old commanders simply divided the kingdom among themselves. For the next three decades, they fought...

When Maximinus Thrax was named Roman emperor upon the death of Alexander Severus, the news was not well-received by many in Rome and the Roman Senate considered him an illiterate barbarian. His financial excesses, principally...

Philip II of Macedon (reigned 359–336 BCE)

Map of Philip II of Macedon's campaign in Greece, 339 BC

Philip II of Macedon (r. 359 BCE - 336 BCE) depicted in the game Old World.

Map of the Kingdom of Macedon and its expansions at the death of Philip II in 336 BC. Based on R. Ginouvès et al., La Macédoine, Paris, 1992.

Joan of Arc (Jeanne D'Arc, l. c. 1412-1431 CE) was a medieval peasant who, claiming to receive visions from God, turned the tide of the Hundred Years' War in favor of a French victory. She was famously martyrd for standing by her...