Philip II of France: Did you mean...?

Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560), German Lutheran reformer, engraving by Heinrich Aldegrever, 1540. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560), German theologian and prominent figure of the Protestant Reformation, print by Lucas Cranach the Younger, c. 1561. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Marble head of Roman Emperor Philip the Arab, from Rome, 244-249 CE. (Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen)

Portrait of Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586), Elizabethan poet, soldier, and courtier, oil on canvas by an unknown artist after an original, c. 1576. National Portrait Gallery, London.

A medal portraying a German philosopher Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560). Copper alloy with warm brown patina, created by Friedrich Hagenauer around 1543. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

The fatal wounding of Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586) at the Battle of Zutphen (22 September 1586);oil on canvas by Benjamin West, 1806. Woodmere Art Museum, Philadelphia.

Portrait of Philip I of Hesse (l. 1504-1567) as a young man, c. 1560.

Jacques Necker (l. 1732-1804) was a Swiss banker and statesman who served as finance minister to King Louis XVI of France (r. 1774-1792). He served in the king's ministry three separate times, tasked with navigating France through its dire...

The French Consulate was the government of the First French Republic from 10 November 1799 to 18 May 1804, spanning the last four years of the Republic's existence. Headed by Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) as First Consul, the Consulate served...

The Thermidorian Reaction refers to the period of the French Revolution (1789-1799) between the fall of Maximilien Robespierre on 27-28 July 1794 and the establishment of the French Directory on 2 November 1795. The Thermidorians abandoned...