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Map of the Roman Empire under Theodosius the Great, c.395 - The Last Unified Roman Empire
A map of the Roman Empire under Theodosius I “the Great” (reign 379–395 CE). His reign marked a decisive turning point in Roman imperial history, bringing together political...
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Map of the Diocletian's First Tetrarchy and the Roman Empire - Stability Through Division, Succession by Design
The First Tetrarchy (293–305 CE) was Emperor Diocletian's (reign 284–305 CE) solution to the political and military crises that had nearly destroyed the...
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Babylonian City under Assyrian Siege
Assyrian relief showing a siege, from the Central Palace at Nimrud (ancient Kalhu), Mesopotamia, Iraq. Date palms indicate that the city, most of which was on an adjacent slab, was probably Babylonia. The Assyrians...
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Ctesiphon
Ctesiphon was an ancient city and trade center on the east bank of the Tigris River founded during the reign of Mithridates I (the Great, 171-132 BCE). It is best known in the modern day for the single-span arch, Taq Kasra, which is...
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Map of the Byzantine Empire, c.520 - 1204
This map illustrates the shifting frontiers of the Byzantine Empire from the accession of Justinian I (reign circa 527 - 565) to the Fourth Crusade's sack of Constantinople in 1204, showing how the Greek-speaking...
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Map of Timur’s Empire and Campaigns, 1370–1405 - The rise and the expansion of Tamerlane across Eurasia
The Timurid Empire under Timur (reign 1370–1405) emerged from the fragmented political world of the western Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia. Born near Kesh...
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Samudragupta
Samudragupta (r. 335/350 - 370/380 CE) was the first significant ruler of the Gupta Dynasty. Having come to the throne, he decided to extend the boundaries of his empire to cover the multiple kingdoms and republics that existed outside...
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Antonine Plague
The Antonine Plague, sometimes referred to as the Plague of Galen, erupted in 165 CE, at the height of Roman power throughout the Mediterranean world during the reign of the last of the Five Good Emperors, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus...
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Islamic Caliphates
Caliphate (“Khilafat” in Arabic) was a semi-religious political system of governance in Islam, in which the territories of the Islamic empire in the Middle East and North Africa and the people within were ruled by a supreme...
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Map of the The Mitanni (Hanigalbat) empire, c. 1600-1300 BCE - Between Egypt and the Hittites, A Kingdom of Diplomacy and War
The Mitanni Empire was a major Late Bronze Age power that rose in northern Mesopotamia and Upper Syria between c. 1600 and 1300 BCE, shaping...
