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Franz Liszt
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Franz Liszt

Franz Liszt (1811-1886) was a Hungarian composer of Romantic Music. Liszt first gained international fame as a piano virtuoso, an activity in which he was a pioneer, and then as a composer of piano works and symphonic poems, a form he created...
Bohemian Reformation
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Bohemian Reformation

The Bohemian Reformation (c. 1380 to c. 1436) was the first concerted effort by Catholic clergy to reform the abuses and corruption of the medieval Church. Bohemian clerics and theologians called for reform and, like later advocates, initially...
Richard Grenville
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Richard Grenville

Sir Richard Grenville (1542-1591 CE) was an Elizabethan adventurer, mariner, and privateer whose life story is as entertaining as any fictional sailor. His early career saw him become a Member of Parliament, a soldier in Hungary, and a plantation...
Evliya Çelebi
Image by Globetrotter19

Evliya Çelebi

A statue of Evliya Çelebi, photograph by Globetrotter19, 2016. Depicted here is a 2014 sculpture of Evliya Çelebi (1611-1682), created by Piros Rostás Bea, in a small memorial park at Eger Castle in Heves County, Hungary. Çelebi was the...
How Germany Lost World War I
Article by Mark Cartwright

How Germany Lost World War I

Germany started the First World War (1914-18) with the belief its armed forces could win a quick and decisive victory over France and then Russia. The reality turned out to be much more complicated as more countries became involved in a global...
Battle of Austerlitz
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Battle of Austerlitz

The Battle of Austerlitz (2 December 1805), or the Battle of the Three Emperors, was one of the most significant battles of the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). It saw French Emperor Napoleon I (r. 1804-1814; 1815) and his Grande Armée decisively...
Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points
Article by Mark Cartwright

Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points - A Plan for World Peace

The Fourteen Point Peace Programme of US President Woodrow Wilson (1856-1924) was presented to Congress on 8 January 1918 and outlined a new world order that would hopefully avoid another disaster like the still ongoing First World War (1914-18...
The Battle of the Catalaunian Fields
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Battle of the Catalaunian Fields

The Battle of the Catalaunian Fields (also known as The Battle of Chalons, The Battle of Maurica) was one of the most decisive military engagements in history between the forces of the Roman Empire under Flavius Aetius (391-454 CE) and those...
Legions of Pannonia
Article by Donald L. Wasson

Legions of Pannonia

Located west of the Danube, Pannonia was essential for the protection of the Roman Empire's eastern frontier. It had been occupied since 9 BCE but did not willingly accept Roman authority. Pannonia and Dalmatia revolted in 6 CE, and it would...
Revolutions of 1848 CE: Crash Course
Video by CrashCourse

Revolutions of 1848 CE: Crash Course

In 1848 CE, Europe experienced a wave of revolutions. Last week we covered some of the reform movements that presaged these uprisings. This week, we're learning about what the people wanted from the revolutions, who was involved, and how...
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