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Declaration of Pillnitz
The Declaration of Pillnitz was a joint statement issued on 27 August 1791 by Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1790-1792) and King Frederick William II of Prussia (r. 1786-1797). The declaration appealed to all European powers to unite...
Definition
Romanos IV Diogenes
Romanos IV Diogenes ruled the Byzantine Empire from 1068 to 1071 CE. He was a military emperor, and his policies and campaigns served to shore up Byzantine defenses against the Seljuk Turks. However, in the aftermath of the Byzantine defeat...
Definition
John II Komnenos
John II Komnenos “the Handsome” was emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 1118 CE to 1143 CE. John, almost constantly on campaign throughout his reign, would continue the military successes of his father Alexios I with significant victories...
Definition
Legio I Adiutrix
Legio I Adiutrix was a legion of the Roman army formed from veteran sailors after the death of Roman emperor Nero (r. 54-68 CE). During its long career, the legion accompanied Trajan (r. 98-117 CE) on his Dacian and Parthian campaigns, fought...
Definition
Khotyn Fortress
Khotyn fortress is a complex of fortifications situated on the hilly right bank of the Dniester in Khotyn, Ukraine. It consists of a 13th-century stronghold and an 18th-century bastion surrounding it. It is one of the oldest preserved fortifications...
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Europe on the Eve of the First World War, 1914
A map illustrating the situation in Europe as it teetered on the brink of World War I (1914-18). The political landscape was marked by intricate alliance systems and fierce imperial rivalries among European powers, especially between the...
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Feast of Attila
Feast of Attila by Mor Than, 1870 CE, now in the Hungarian National Gallery. In this scene, visitors stand before Attila and his guests, singing songs that they have composed. Attila in at the center of the composition, it is thought that...
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Béla Bartók, 1927
A 1927 photograph of the Hungarian composer Béla Bartók (1881-1945).
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Spiš Castle - Reconstructed
A digital reconstruction of Spiš Castle in Spišské Podhradie, Slovakia as it may have appeared prior to its destruction in 1780 CE. Created by NeoMam Studios for BudgetDirect.com, republished with permission.
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Francis II Rákóczi
Portrait of Prince of Transylvania Francis II Rákóczi, oil on canvas, 1712.
Hungarian National Gallery, Budapest.
