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Roman Tunnels
The first tunnels in the Mediterranean were built to transport water from distant springs and mountains to arid areas and cities. They also ensured the constant supply of water when cities were under siege. For example, the 533 m (583 yards...
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The Life of Diogenes of Sinope in Diogenes Laertius
Diogenes of Sinope (c. 404-323 BCE) was a Greek Cynic philosopher best known for holding a lantern to the faces of the citizens of Athens claiming he was searching for an honest man. He was most likely a student of the philosopher Antisthenes...
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Ibn Sina, Biruni, and the Lost Enlightenment
Ibn Sina and Biruni were two of the most outstanding thinkers to have lived between ancient Greece and the European Renaissance. These two giants of a lost era of enlightenment were born in Central Asia about the year 980. For six hundred...
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Youth of George Washington
The youth of George Washington (1732-1799), the first President of the United States, remains the least understood chapter of his life, shrouded in folklore and myths. Yet the experiences of his youth, and the bond he felt toward his older...
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Plato: The Name and The Poet
Plato (l. c. 424/423 to 348/347 BCE), the Greek philosopher whose works have significantly shaped Western thought and religion, is said to have initially been a poet and playwright and, even if the primary source of this claim (the often...
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The Style & Regional Differences of Seljuk Minarets in Persia
Under the Seljuk rule, Persia gained a period of economic and cultural prosperity. The innovative techniques of the Seljuk period and style in architecture and the arts had a strong influence on later artistic developments. Seljuk art is...
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Mikhail Kutuzov & the Russian Military Enlightenment
The Military Enlightenment of the 18th century was a concerted effort across Europe to engage with the science of war. Embracing rationalism and professionalism, especially in military education, statesmen, philosophers, and educators explored...
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Philosophy Presenting the Seven Liberal Arts to Boethius
Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius (c. 475-525 CE) is depicted on the far left. An allegory of Philosophy presents to him the allegories of the Seven Liberal Arts dressed in 15th century clothing, each holding a symbol of their subject; from...
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The Seven Liberal Arts
Education personified. Philosophy sits in the center surrounded by the Seven Liberal Arts: Rhetoric, Dialectic, Grammar, Mathematics, Geometry, Music, and Astronomy. Illustration from "Hortus deliciarum" by Herrad von Landsberg (c. 1180...
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The House of Albrecht Dürer
The Dürer House is the only largely originally preserved Renaissance artists' house in Northern Europe. Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528) lived and worked here from 1509 to 1528. At the same time, it is a unique testimony to the bourgeois culture...